LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


TREES 

OF 

INDIANA 

(First  Revised  Edition) 


BY 

CHAS.  C.  DEAM 


APRIL,   1921 


FORT    WAYNE    PRINTING    COMPANY 

CONTRACTORS    FOR    INDIANA   STATE   PRINTING  AND    BINDING 
FORT  WAYNE.  INDIANA 

1921 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
•  -DAVJS 


THE 

Department  of  Conservation 

STATE  OF  INDIANA 


W.  A.  GUTHRIE,  Chairman. 
STANLEY  COULTER. 
JOHN  W.  HOLTZMAN. 
E.  M.  WILSON,  Secretary. 


PUBLICATION  No.  13 


RICHARD  LIEBER. 
Director. 


PLATE  1. 


SYCAMORE  NEAR  WORTHINGTON,  IND.,  THE  LARGEST  BROAD-LEAVED  TREE  IN  THE 
U.  S.  FIVE  FEET  ABOVE  THE  GROUND  IT  IS  42  FT.  3  IN.  IN  CIRC. ;  THE  EAST  BRANCH 
IS  27  FT.  3  IN.  IN  CIRC.  AND  THE  WEST  BRANCH  IS  23  FT.  2  IN.  IN  CIRC.  SEE  JOUR. 
HEREDITY,  VOL.  6:407:1915. 


Preface 


The  first  edition  of  Beam's  "Trees  of  Indiana"  was  published  in 
1911.  By  limiting  the  distribution,  the  edition  of  10,000  lasted 
about  three  years.  The  demand  for  a  book  of  this  kind  was  so  great 
that  a  second  edition  of  1,000  copies  was  published  in  March  1919. 
This  edition  was  exhausted  within  five  days  after  its  publication  was 
announced,  and  thousands  of  requests  for  it  could  not  be  filled.  These 
came  from  all  classes  .of  people,  but  the  greatest  demand  was  from 
the  school  teachers  of  the  State. 

Since  forestry  is  an  integral  part  of  agriculture  which  is  now  taught 
in  our  public  schools,  and  since  a  book  on  the  trees  of  the  State  is  in 
demand,  the  Conservation  Commission  has  authorized  a  revised 
edition  of  "The  Trees  of  Indiana."  What  was  formerly  Bulletin  No. 
3  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  is  now  published  as  Publication  No.  13 
of  the  Department.  The  reader's  attention  is  called  to  a  new  de- 
parture in  illustrations,  which  were  made  from  photographic  repro- 
ductions of  specimens  in  Mr.  Deam's  herbarium.  The  photographs 
were  taken  by  Mr.  Harry  F.  Dietz  of  the  Division  of  Entomology. 
It  is  believed  that  it  will  be  gratefully  received  by  the  public  and  will 
stimulate  an  interest  in  forestry  that  should  achieve  practical  results. 

RICHARD  LIEBER, 
Director,   The    Department   of   Conservation. 


(7) 


Table  of  Contents. 


Preface 7 

List  of  illustrations 10 

Introduction 13 

Key  to  families 17 

Trees  of  Indiana 19 

Excluded  Species 290 

Measurements  of  some  large  trees  that  grow  in  Indiana 297 

Specific  gravity  of  Indiana  woods 299 

Index . .                                                                                                                        .  305 


(9) 


Illustrations. 


PLATE  NUMBER  PLATES  PAGE 

1.  Frontispiece;  Sycamore,  tersest  hardwood  tree  in  U.S 5 

2.  Pinus  Strobus  (White  Pine) 21 

3.  Pinus  Banksiana  (Gray  or  Jack  Pine) 23 

4.  Pinus  virginiana  (Scrub  Pine) 24 

5.  Larix  laricina  (Tamarack) 27 

6.  Tsuga  canadensis  (Hemlock) 29 

7.  Taxodium  distichum  (Cypress) 31 

8.  Thuja  occidentalis  (Arbor- Vitae) 33 

9.  Juniperus  virginiana  (Red  Cedar) 35 

10.  Salix  nigra  (Black  Willow) 37 

11.  Salix  amygdaloides  (Peach-leaved  Willow) 39 

12.  Salix  alba  (White  Willow) 41 

13.  Salix  fragilis  (Crack  Willow) 42 

14.  Salix  discolor  (Pussy  Willow) 44 

15.  Populus  alba  (Silver-leaf  Poplar) 46 

16.  Populus  heterophylla  (Swamp  Cottonwood) 48 

17.  Populus  deltoides  (Cottonwood) 49 

18.  Populus  grandidentata  (Large-toothed  Aspen) 51 

19.  Populus  tremuloides  (Quaking  Aspen) 53 

20.  Juglans  cinerea  (Butternut) 55 

21.  Juglans  nigra  (Black  Walnut) 57 

22.  Carya  illinoensis  (Pecan) 60 

23.  Carya  cordiformis  (Pignut  Hickory) 62 

24.  Carya  ovata  (Shellbark  Hickory) 64 

25.  Carya  laciniosa  (Big  Shellbark  Hickory) 67 

26.  Carya  alba  (White  Hickory) 69 

27.  Carya  glabra  (Black  Hickory) 71 

28.  Carya  ovalis  (Small-fruited  Hickory) 73 

29.  Carya  Buckleyi  var.  arkansana 77 

30.  Carpinus  caroliniana  (Water  Beech) 79 

31.  Ostrya  virginiana  (Ironwood) 81 

32.  Betula  lutea  (Yellow  Birch) 83 

33.  Betula  populifolia  (Gray  or  White  Birch) 86 

34.  Betula  papyrifera  (Paper  or  Canoe  Birch) 87 

35.  Betula  nigra  (Black  or  Red  Birch) 89 

36.  Alnus  incana  (Speckled  Alder) 91 

37.  Alnus  rugosa  (Smooth  Alder) 93 

38.  Fagus  grandifolia  (Beech) 95 

39.  Castanea  dentata  (Chestnut) 97 

40.  Quercus  alba  (White  Oak) 102 

41.  Quercus  bicolor  (Swamp  White  Oak) 105 

42.  Quercus  Muhlenbergii  (Chinquapin  Oak) 106 

43.  Quercus  Michauxii  (Cow  or  Basket  Oak) 108 

(10) 


11 

PLATE   NUMBER  PAGE 

44.  Quercus  Prinus  (Chestunut  Oak) Ill 

45.  Quercus  stellata  (Post  Oak) 113 

46.  Quercus  macrocarpa  (Bur  Oak) 115 

47.  Quercus  lyrata  (Overcup  Oak) 118 

48.  Quercus  imbricaria  (Shingle  Oak) 120 

49.  Quereus  rubra  (Red  Oak) 122 

50.  Quercus  palustris  (Pin  Oak) 124 

51.  Quercus  Schneckii  (Schneck's  Red  Oak) 125 

52.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis  (Hill's  Oak) 128 

53.  Quercus  velutina  (Black  Oak) 129 

54.  Quercus  coccinea  (Scarlet  Oak) 132 

55.  Quercus  falcata  (Spanish  Oak) ....  134 

56.  Quercus  marilandica  (Black  Jack  Oak) 136 

57.  Ulmus  fulva  (Slippery  or  Red  Elm) 139 

58;  Ulmus  americana  (White  Elm) 141 

59.  Ulmus  Thomasi  (Hickory  or  Rock  Elm) T43 

60.  Ulmus  alata  (Winged  Elm) 144 

61.  Celtis  occidentalis  (Hackberry) 147 

62.  Celtis  pumila  var.   Deamii  (Dwarf  Hackberry) 149 

63.  Celtis  mississippienlsis  (Sugarberry) 152 

64.  Morus  rubra  (Red  Mulberry) .154 

65.  Maclura  pomifera  (Osage  Orange) 156 

66.  Magnolia  acuminata  (Cucumber  Tree) 158 

67.  Liriodendron  Tulipfera  (Tulip  Tree  or  Yellow  Poplar) .160 

68.  Asimina  triloba  (Pawpaw) 162 

69.  Sassafras  officinale  (Sassafras) 164 

70.  Liquidambar  Styraciflua  (Sweet  Gum) .    167 

71.  Platanus  occidentalis  (Sycamore) 169 

72.  Malus  glaucescens  (American  Crab  Apple) 173 

73.  Malus  lancifolia  (Narrow-leaved  Crab  Apple) 175 

74.  Malus  ionensis  (Western  Crab  Apple) 176 

75.  Amelanchier  canadensis  (Juneberry  or  Service  Berry) 178 

76.  Amelanchier  Isevis  (Smooth  Juneberry  or  Service  Berry) 179 

77.  Cratsegus  Crus-galli  (Cockspur  Thorn) 183 

78.  Cratsegus  cuneiformis  (Marshall's  Thorn) 184 

79.  Cratajgus  punctata  (Large-fruited  Thorn) 186 

80.  Cratsegus  Margaretta  (Judge  Brown's  Thorn) 187 

81.  Cratsegus  collina  (Chapman's  Hill  Thorn) 189 

82.  Cratsegus  succulenta  (Long-spined  Thorn) I 

83.  Cratsegus  neofluvialis  (New  River  Thorn) 192 

84.  Cratsegus  Calpodendron  (Pear  Thorn) 193 

85.  Cratsegus  chrysocarpa  (Round-leaved  Thorn) 195 

86.  Cratsegus  viridis  (Southern  Thorn) 1 

87.  Cratsegus  nitida  (Shining  Thorn) 1 

88.  Cratsegus  macrosperma  (Variable  Thorn) 19- 

89.  Cratsegus  basilica  (Edson's  Thorn) 2°1 

90.  Cratsegus  Jesupi  (Jesup's  Thorn) 20$ 

91.  Cratsegus  rugosa  (Fretz's  Thorn) 204 

92.  Cratsegus  filipes  (Miss  Beckwith's  Thorn) . 205 

93.  Cratsegus  Gattingeri  (Gattinger's  Thorn) 207 


12 

PLATE   NUMBER  PAGE 

94.  Crataegus  pruinosa  (Waxy-fruited  Thorn) 208 

95.  Crataegus  coccinoides  (Eggert's  Thorn) 210 

96.  Crataegus  coceinea  (Scarlet  Thorn) 211 

97.  Crataegus  mollis  (Red-fruited  or  Downy  Thorn) 213 

98.  Cratsegus  Phaenopyrum  (Washington's  Thorn) 215 

99.  Prunus  americana  (Wild  Red  Plum) 217 

100.  Prunus  americana  var.  lanata  (Woolly-leaf  Plum) 219 

101.  Prunus  nigra  (Canada  Plum) 220 

102.  Prunus  hortulana  (Wild  Goose  Plum) 222 

103.  Prunus  pennsylvanica  (Wild  Red  Cherry) 224 

104.  Prunus  serotina  (Wild  Black  Cherry) 225 

105.  Cercis  canadensis  (Redbud) 228 

106.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  (Honey  Locust) 229 

107.  Gleditsia  aquatica  (Water  Honey  Locust) 231 

108.  Gymnocladiis  dioica  (Coffeenut  Tree) 234 

109.  Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia  (Black  Locust) 236 

110.  Ailanthus  altissima  (Ailanthus  or  Tree  of  Heaven) 238 

111.  Acer  Negundo  (Box  Elder) 241 

112.  Acer  saccharinum  (Silver  Maple) 243 

113.  Acer  rubrum  (Red  Maple) 245 

114.  Acer  nigrum  (Black  Maple) 247 

115.  Acer  saccharum  (Sugar  Maple) 249 

116.  Aesculus  glabra  (Buckeye) 252 

117.  Aesculus  octandra  (Sweet  Buckeye) 254 

118.  Tilia  glabra  (Linn  or  Basswood) 256 

119.  Tilia  heterophylla  (White  Basswood) 258 

120.  Nyssa  sylvatica  (Black  Gum) 260 

121.  Cornus  florida  (Dogwood) 262 

122.  Oxydendrum  arboreum  (Sour  Wood  or  Sorrel  Tree) 264 

123.  Diospyros  virginiana  (Persimmon) 266 

124.  Fraxinus  americana  (White  Ash) 269 

125.  Fraxinus  biltmoreana  (Biltmore  Ash) 271 

126.  Fraxinus  lanceolata  (Green  Ash) 273 

127.  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  (Red  Ash) 275 

128.  Fraxinus  profunda  (Pumkin  Ash) 277 

129.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  (Blue  Ash) 279 

130.  Fraxinus  nigra  (Black  Ash) 281 

131.  Adelia  acuminata  (Pond  Brush  or  Crooked  Brush) 283 

132.  Catalpa  bignonioides  (Catalpa) 285 

133.  Catalpa  speciosa  (Hardy  Catalpa) 286 

134.  Viburnum  prunifolium  (Black  Haw) 289 

135.  County  Map  of  Indiana 301 

136.  Map  showing  certain  areas  of  forest  distribution 302 

137.  English  and  Metric  Scales  compared 303 


Trees  of  Indiana 


INTRODUCTION 


The  present  edition  has  been  entirely  rewritten.  While  the  general 
plan  of  the  first  edition  has  been  followed,  some  changes  have  been 
made. 

The  number  of  trees  included  has  been  wholly  arbitrary.  All  woody 
plants  of  the  State  which  generally  attain  a  maximum  diameter  of 
10  cm.  (4  inches)  at  breast  high  are  regarded  as  tree  forms.  Alnus 
rugosa  which  so  closely  resembles  Alnus  incana,  is  an  exception,  and  a 
description  of  it  is  given  to  aid  in  the  identification  of  our  tree  form  of 
Alnus.  Also  several  species  of  Cratsegus  are  included  which  commonly 
do  not  attain  tree  size.  The  species  of  all  Cratsegus  begin  to  flower 
and  fruit  many  years  before  they  attain  their  maximum  size.  The 
genus  is  much  in  need  of  study,  and  the  smaller  forms  are  included 
to  stimulate  a  study  of  the  genus,  and  in  order  that  the  larger  forms 
may  be  more  easily  and  certainly  identified. 

The  number  of  introduced  trees  has  been  limited  to  those  that  more 
or  less  freely  escape  at  least  in  some  parts  of  the  State.  The  one  excep- 
tion is  Catalpa  bignonioides,  which  is  given  to  help  separate  it  from 
our  native  catalpa,  both  of  which  are  now  commonly  planted. 

Botanic  Description. — The  botanic  descriptions  have  been  made 
from  specimens  collected  in  Indiana.  In  most  instances  the  material 
has  been  quite  ample,  and  collected  from  all  parts  of  the  State.  Tech- 
nical terms  have  been  avoided,  and  only  when  precision  and  accuracy 
were  necessary  have  a  few  been  used  which  can  be  found  in  any  school 
dictionary.  The  length  of  the  description  varies  in  proportion  to  the 
importance  and  interest  of  the  species  and  the  number  of  characters 
necessary  to  separate  it  from  other  forms.  The  characters  used  are 
those  which  are  the  most  conspicuous,  and  are  generally  with  the 
specimen  at  hand.  In  most  instances  mature  leaves  are  at  hand,  and 
these  are  most  fully  described.  When  leaves  are  discussed,  only  mature 
and  normal  leaves  are  considered.  The  descriptions  are  not  drawn  to 
include  the  leaf  forms,  and  sizes  of  coppice  shoots  or  seedlings. 
Measurements  of  simple  leaves  do  not  include  the  petiole  unless 
mentioned. 

(13) 


14 

When  the  term  twig  is  used,  it  means  the  growth  of  the  year.  Branch- 
lets  and  branches  mean  all  growth  except  the  present  year.  By  seasons 
are  meant  the  calendar  seasons. 

The  size  of  trees  is  designated  as  small,  medium  and  large.  These 
terms  are  defined  as  follows :  Small  trees  are  those  that  attain  a  diameter 
of  2  dm.;  medium-sized  trees  are  those  whose  maximum  diameter  is 
between  2  dm.  and  6  dm.;  large-sized  trees  are  those  which  are  common- 
ly more  than  6  dm.  in  diameter.  Diameter  measurements  are  at 
14  dm.  (4^)  feet  above  the  ground,  or  breast  high. 

The  common  names  given  are  those  most  generally  used  in  our  area. 
Where  common  names  are  rarely  applied  to  our  forms,  the  common 
commercial  or  botanical  common  name  is  given.  In  some  instances 
where  a  tree  is  known  by  several  names,  one  or  more  of  which  are  often 
applied  to  a  related  species,  the  liberty  has  been  taken  to  select  a 
common  name  which  should  be  restricted  to  the  one  species. 

Botanical  names  are  usually  pronounced  according  to  the  English 
method  of  pronouncing  Latin.  The  accented  syllables  have  been 
marked  as  follows:  the  grave  (  \)  accent  to  indicate  the  long  English 
sound  of  the  vowel  and  the  acute  (/)  accent  to  show  the  short  or 
otherwise  modified  sound. 

Measurements  have  been  given  in  the  metric  system,  and  in  some 
instances  the  English  equivalent  has  also  been  given. 

The  nomenclature  attempted  is  that  of  the  International  Code. 
The  sequence  of  families  is  that  of  Gray's  Manual,  7th  Edition. 

Distribution. — The  genera1  distribution  of  the  species  is  first 
given,  which  is  followed  by  the  distribution  in  Indiana.  The  general 
distribution  has  been  obtained  by  freely  consulting  all  the  local  floras 
and  general  works  on  botany.  The  Indiana  distribution  has  been 
obtained  for  the  greater  part  from  specimens  represented  in  the  writer's 
herbarium  and  from  notes  in  doing  field  work  during  the  past  24  years. 
Since  the  first  edition  of  the  "Trees  of  Indiana"  was  published  the 
writer  has  traveled  over  27,000  miles  in  Indiana,  via  auto,  making  a 
special  study  of  the  flora  of  the  State,  and  has  visited  every  county  and 
has  traversed  practically  every  township  in  the  State.  In  discussing 
numbers  in  distribution  it  was  decided  to  use  terms  already  in  common 
use,  but  to  assign  a  definite  meaning  to  each  as  follows:  Very  common 
means  more  than  25  trees  to  the  acre;  common,  5-25  trees  to  the  acre; 
frequent  1-5  trees  to  the  acre;  infrequent,  1  tree  to  2-10  acres;  rare, 
1  tree  to  every  11-100  acres;  very  rare,  1  tree  to  more  than  100  acres; 
local  when  the  distribution  is  circumscribed  or  in  spots. 

Where  a  species  has  the  limit  of  its  range  in  our  area,  its  distribution 
is  sometimes  given  at  length  for  scientific  reasons.  It  should  be  re- 
membered that  some  of  the  older  records  of  distribution  were  made  by 


15 

geologists  or  inexperienced  botanists,  and  when  such  records  are  ques- 
tioned it  is  done  with  a  spirit  of  scientific  accuracy.  Some  of  our  early 
authors  did  not  distinguish  between  cultivated  and  native  trees,  which 
involves  the  distribution  of  certain  species. 

The  habitat  of  many  species  is  discussed;  which  suggests  forestal, 
horticultural  and  ornamental  possibilities.  Then  too,  the  habitat  of  a 
tree,  helps  to  identify  it.  When  associated  trees  are  given,  those  are 
enumerated  which  are  characteristic  of  the  species  throughout  its  range 
in  our  area  and  they  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  abundance. 

A  county  map  of  the  State  is  included  which  will  assist  in  finding  the 
range  of  each  species.  A  forestal  area  map  is  also  added  to  visualize 
certain  habitats  of  the  State. 

The  range  and  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  State  has  been  given 
considerable  attention  to  encourage  investigation  along  this  line. 

Remarks. — Under  this  title  the  economic  uses  of  the  trees  and  their 
products  have  been  given.  In  addition  horticultural  and  unclassified 
information  is  included. 

Illustrations. — All  of  the  illustrations  except  two  are  photographic 
reproductions  of  specimens  in  the  writer's  herbarium.  The  two  draw- 
ings were  used  in  the  first  edition. 

About  20  of  the  photographs  were  made  by  Paul  Ulman,  and  the 
remainder  by  Harry  F.  Dietz,  who  has  laboriously  tried  to  obtain  good 
reproductions  from  the  material  at  hand. 

Explanation  of  Map  of  Certain  Forestal  Areas. — In  describing 
the  distribution  of  certain  species  of  trees  within  the  State,  it  was  found 
convenient  to  speak  of  certain  forestal  areas  which  are  here  described, 
and  are  illustrated  by  a  map  which  may  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  text. 

'Lake  Region: — The  southernmost  lakes  in  Indiana  are  those  located  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Wells  County;  Lake  Galacia  about  five  miles 
northeast  of  Fairmount  in  Grant  County;  Lake  Cicott  in  Cass 
County;  and  Kate's  Pond  about  !}/£  miles  northwest  of  Independence 
in  Warren  County.  Roughly  estimated,  all  of  Indiana  north  of  a  line 
connecting  these  lakes  might  be  considered  the  lake  area  of  the  State. 
Prairie  Area: — While  the  interior  of  Indiana  has  quite  a  few  small 
areas  called  prairies,  the  real  western  prairie  did  not  extend  far  into  the 
State.  The  dividing  line  is  very  irregular,  and  several  elongated  lobes 
extended  farther  east  than  indicated  by  the  map.  The  larger  areas 
east  of  the  line  were  the  extensive  prairie  area  of  the  Kankakee  Valley; 
the  northern  part  of  Pulaski  County;  and  parts  of  White  and  Tippe- 
canoe  Counties.  "Knob"  Area: — This  is  the  hilliest  part  of  the  State 
and  is  located  in  the  south-central  part.  It  is  contained  in  the  un- 
glaciated  portion  of  the  State,  and  includes  the  "knobs"  of  the 
Knobstone,  Chester  and  Mansfield  sandstone  areas  of  Indiana.  In 


16 

this  area  are  included  the  scrub  pine  and  chestnut  oak,  with  one  excep- 
tion; sorrel  tree  and  the  chestnut,  with  two  possible  exceptions.  The 
Flats: — This  is  a  level  stretch  of  country,  here  and  there  deeply  eroded. 
Being  level,  and  the  soil  a  fine  compact  clay,  the  drainage  is  poor  .which 
suggested  the  local  name  "flats."  The  Lower  Wabash  Valley: — This 
is  part  of  Knox,  Gibson  and  Posey  Counties  which  is  usually  inundat- 
ed each  year  by  the  Wabash  River. 

Acknowledgments. — The  character  and  qualities  of  the  wood  have 
for  the  greater  part  been  taken  from  the  works  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Hough,  and  Sargent,  to  whom  indebtedness  is  acknowledged. 

The  Salicaceae,  except  the  genus  Populus  was  written  by  C.  R.  Ball, 
of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  Malaceae 
was  contributed  by  W.  W.  Eggleston,  also  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  In- 
dustry, Washington,  D.  C.  These  authors  were  asked  to  make  their 
part  conform  to  the  general  plan  of  the  book.  Mr.  Ball  and  Mr. 
Eggleston  are  recognized  authorities  on  the  respective  parts  they  have 
written  and  users  of  this  book  will  appreciate  the  value  of  having  these 
difficult  parts  written  by  our  best  authorities.  The  author  wishes  to 
gratefully  acknowledge  this  great  favor. 

The  most  grateful  acknowledgement  is  given  to  Prof.  Stanley 
Coulter,  Dean,  School  Science,  Purdue  University,  who  has  read  all  of 
the  manuscript  and  made  valuable  suggestions,  corrections  and  critic- 
isms. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  of  Stella  M.  Deam,  my  wife,  in 
field  and  clerical  work. 

I  wish  to  thank  the  Department  of  Conservation  for  the  opportunity 
of  doing  this  work. 


Key  to  the  Families. 


PAGE 


Leaves  linear  or  scale-like PINACE^E 19 

Leaves  not  as  above. 
A.    Leaves  compound. 

Leaves  palmately  compound AESCULACE.E 251 

Leaves  pinnately  compound. 

Leaves  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end CAESALPINACE.E.  . .  .   226 

Leaves  with  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Leaflets  toothed  all  around JUGLANDACE^E 52 

Leaflets  entire,  or  with  1-4  teeth  near  the  base. 
Trees  with  thorns,  leaflets  entire,  generally 

less  than  4  cm.  (1  Yi  inches)  long FABACE.E 233 

Trees  without  thorns,  leaflets  entire  or  with 
1-4  teeth  near  the  base,  generally  longer 

than  4  cm.  (1 J^  inches) .  .  SIMARUBACE.E    237 

Leaves  opposite. 

Leaflets  3-5,  fruit  in  pairs ACERACE^E 239 

Leaflets  5-11,  fruit  single O:LEACE,E 267 

A.     Leaves  simple. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Petioles  more  than  4  cm.  (1%  inches)  long. 

Blades  palmately  3-5  lobed ACERACE^E 239 

Blades  entire  or  with  1  or  2  lateral  lobes BIGNONIACE.E 284 

Petioles  less  than  4  cm.  (1  ^  inches)  long. 

Flowers  4-parted,  stone  of  fruit  round CORNACE.E 259 

Flowers  5-parted,  stone  of  fruit  flattened CAPRIFOLIACE.E  ....   288 

Leaves  alternate. 
B.     Leaves  entire. 

Trees  with  thorns  and  a  milky  sap MACLTJRA  IN 

MORACE^E 155 

Trees  without  thorns,  sap  not  milky. 
Leaves  3-5  nerved  at  the  base  . 

Leaves  3-nerved  at  the  base CELTIS  IN 

ULMACE^E 146 

Leaves  5-nerved  at  the  base CERCIS  IN 

CAESALPINACE.E.  .  227 
Leaves  with  1  primary  nerve. 

Leaves  usually  more  than  1.5  dm.  (6  inches) 
long,  flowers  solitary. 

Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves  .  ANONACE^E 161 

Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves MAGNOLIACE.E.  .  .    155 

(17) 


18 

Leaves  less  than  1.5  dm.  (6  inches)  long,  flow- 
ers in  clusters. 

Bark  and  leaves  aromatic LATJRACE^E 163 

Bark  and  leaves  not  aromatic. 

Fruit  dry,  an  acorn QTTERCUS  IMBRICARIA 

IN  FAGACE^E 119 

Fruit  fleshy. 

Fruit  with  one  seed,  stone  cylindrical .  .  XYSSA  IN 

CORNACE.E 259 

Fruit    with  more   than    one  seed, 

rarely  one,  seeds  flat EBENACEJE 265 

B.  Leaves  finely  serrate,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed. 

C.     Leaves  with  one  primary  vein. 

Bark  and  leaves  aromatic LAURACE.E 163 

Bark  and  leaves  not  aromatic. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  and  fruit  in  catkins. 
Scales   of  winter  buds   2,   ovary   many-seeded, 

seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  summit.  .  .  .SALIX  IN 

SALICACE.E 34 

Scales  of  winter  buds  more  than  2,  ovary  1- 
seeded,  seeds  without  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the 

summit BETULACE^E 78 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  and  fruit  not  in 

catkins. 
Fruit  dry. 

Fruit  a  samara ULMUS  IN  ULMACE.E  137 

Fruit  not  a  samara. 

Bark  smooth;  fruit  spiny FAGACE^E 92 

Bark  furrowed;  fruit  a  smooth  capsule.  . .  .ERICACEAE 263 

Fruit  fleshy. 

Flowers  more  than  8  mm.   (J^  inch)  broad, 

fruit  edible,  apple-like. 

Trees  mostly  with  thorns,  fruit  with  rem- 
nant of  calyx  at  apex  of  fruit,  normally 

with  more  than  1  seed MALACE^E 171 

Trees  without  thorns,  fruit  with  no  rem- 
nant of  calyx  at  the  apex,  fruit  a  1- 

seeded  edible  drupe AMYGDALACE^E 216 

Flowers  less  than  8  mm.    (%  inch)  across, 

fruit  a  non-edible  drupe CORNACE.E 259 

C.  Leaves  with  more  than  1  primary  vein. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  catkins. 

Fruit  dry POPULUS  IN 

SALIC  ACE  ,E 45 

Fruit   fleshy MORUS  IN 

MORACE.E 151 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  not  in  catkins. 
Pistillate   and  Staminate  flowers   separate. 

Leaves  3-nerved  at  the  base,  fruit  a  1-seeded 

drupe CELTIS  IN 

ULMACE.E  .  .          .    146 


19 

Leaves   5-nerved  at   the  base,   fruit  a  head  of 

carpels  or  aehenes. 
Bark  fissured,  not  peeling  off  in  flakes,  leaves 

aromatic ALTINGIACE^S 166 

Bark  peeling  off  in  flakes,  leaves  not  aromatic .  PLATANACE^J: 168 

Pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  in  one. 

Fruit  dry TILIACE^; 255 

Fruit  fleshy MALACE^E 171 


PINACEAE.     THE  PINE  FAMILY. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  a  resinous  sap,  which  yields  rosin,  tar,  tur- 
pentine and  essential  oils.  The  leaves  are  linear  or  scale-like,  alternate, 
whorled  or  clustered;  flowers  naked,  appearing  in  the  spring;  fruit  a 
cone  or  sometimes  berry-like.  A  large  family  of  trees  and  shrubs,  con- 
taining over  200  species,  found  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  and  of  great 
economic  importance.  In  Indiana  only  nine  species  are  native,  and  the 
distribution  of  seven  of  these  species  has  always  been  very  limited. 

Leaves  linear,  in  clusters  of  2,  3,  5  or  more  than  5. 

Leaves  in  bundles  of  2-5 1  Pinus. 

Leaves  in  bundles  of  more  than  5 2  Larix. 

Leaves  linear  and  solitary,  or  scale-like. 
Leaves  all  linear. 

Leaves  obtuse 3  Tsuga. 

Leaves  sharp-pointed. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  alternate 4  Taxodium. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  opposite  or  whorled 6  Juniperuo. 

Leaves  all  scale-like,   or  some  of  the  branches  with  linear 

sharp-pointed  leaves. 

Leaves  all  scale-like,  fruit  a  cone  of  8-12  imbricated  scales.     5  Thuja. 
Leaves  scale-like  or  some  linear  and  sharp-pointed,  fruit 

berry-like 6  Juniperus. 

I.  PINUS.     THE  PINES. 

Evergreen  trees  with  needle-shaped  leaves  in  bundles  of  2-5  or  7; 
flowers  appearing  in  the  spring,  the  staminate  clustered  at  the  base  of 
the  season's  shoots,  the  pistillate  on  the  side  or  near  the  end  of  the 
shoots;  fruit  a  woody  cone  which  matures  at  the  end  of  the  second 
season,  or  more  rarely  at  the  end  of  the  third  season;  scales  of  the  cone 
variously  thickened;  seeds  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  scale^. 

There  are  about  70  species  of  pines  of  which  three  are  native  to 
Indiana.  Commercially  the  pines  are  classed  as  soft  and  hard.  In  our 
area  the  soft  pines  are  represented  by  the  white  pine,  while  the  gray 
and  Jersey  pines  are  classed  as  hard  pines. 


20 

Leaves  5  in  a  bundle,  6-12  em.  long IP.  Strobus. 

Leaves  2-3  in  a  bundle. 

Scales  of  cones  unarmed,  leaves  usually  2-4  cm.  long 2  P.  Banksiana. 

Scales  of  cones  tipped  with  a  short  spine,  leaves  usually 

over  4  cm.  long 3  P.  virginiana. 

1.  Pinus  Strobus  Linnseus.  WHITE  PINE.  Plate  2.  Bark 
greenish  and  smooth  on  young  trees,  becoming  reddish  or  gray  and 
furrowed  on  old  trees;  young  twigs  scurvy-pubescent,  soon  smooth 
and  light  brown;  leaves  normally  5  in  a  bundle,  sometimes  more,  G-12 
cm.  long,  3-sided,  sharp-pointed,  bluish-green,  maturing  and  falling 
at  end  of  second  season;  cones  ripening  at  end  of  second  season,  usually 
10-20  cm.  long;  wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  works  easily,  takes  a  good 
polish,  and  warps  little. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Iowa,  Ken- 
tucky and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia.  The 
mass  distribution  of  this  species  is  to  the  north  of  our  area,  and  in 
Indianla  it  is  local  and  found  in  small  numbers.  It  is  a  common  tree  on 
some  of  the  dunes  bordering  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  found  locally 
throughout  the  area  bordering  Lake  Michigan.  Its  distribution  in  this 
part  of  the  State  has  not  been  studied,  but  it  is  believed  that  in  Lake 
and  Porter  Counties  it  is  not  at  present  found  far  from  the  Lake. 
Blatchley1  reports  "a  thicket  of  this  species  about  a  peat  bog  on  the 
Hayward  farm  one  mile  east  of  Merrillville  in  Lake  County."  The 
writer  has  seen  it  as  a  frequent  tree  in  a  black  oak  woods  about  four 
miles  southwest  of  Michigan  City,  also  quite  a  number  of  large  trees 
seven  miles  northeast  of  Michigan  City  in  a  swampy  woods,  associated 
;vith  white  elm,  black  ash,  soft  maple,  etc. 

Nieuwland2  reports  a  single  tree  found  in  a  tamarack  swamp  25  miles 
east  of  Michigan  City  near  Lydick  in  St.  Joseph  County.  The  next 
appearance  of  this  species  is  to  the  south  in  Warren  County  on  the  out- 
crops of  sandstone  along  Big  Pine,  Little  Pine,  Rock  and  Kickapoo 
Creeks.  It  is  found  more  or  less  on  bluffs  of  these  creeks.  It  was  the 
most  abundant  along  Big  Pine  Creek,  and  followed  up  the  creek  for 
a  distance  of  about  ten  miles,  or  midway  between  Rainsville  and  Indian 
Village.  To  the  south  it  is  next  found  in  Fountain  County  on  the  out- 
crops of  sandstone  along  Big  Shawnee  and  Bear  Creeks.  Franklin 
Watts  who  owns  the  "Bear  Creek  Canyon"  just  south  of  Fountain 
says  he  remembers  the  area  before  any  cutting  was  done  along  the 
creek.  He  says  that  the  white  pine  was  a  common  tree  along  the  creek 
for  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  and  that  a  few  scattered  trees  were  found 
as  far  as  40  rods  from  the  creek.  He  stated  that  the  largest  trees  were 


ilnd.   Geol.   Kept.  22:93:1898. 
2Amer.   Mid.   Nat.  3:70:1913. 


21 

PLATE  2. 


PINUS  STROBUS  Linnaeus,     (x^-)     WHITE  PINE. 


22 

about  30  inches  in  diameter  and  as  high  as  the  highest  of  the  surrounding 
trees.  Moving  southward  it  is  next  found  on  a  ridge  of  sandstone  in 
Montgomery  County  on  the  south  side  of  Sugar  Creek  about  a  mile  east 
of  the  shades.  Here  it  is  closely  associated  with  hemlock  which  is 
absent  in  all  of  the  stations  to  the  north.  Coulter1  reports  a  colony  in 
the  "knobs"  of  the  northeast  corner  of  Floyd  County.  This  species 
was  also  reported  from  Clark  County  by  Baird  and  Taylor.  The  writer 
has  made  inquiry  and  diligently  searched  for  this  species  in  this  county 
but  failed  to  locate  it.  In  the  vicinity  of  Borden  where  the  Jersey  pine 
grows,  millmen  distinguish  two  kinds  of  pines.  Investigation  showed 
that  both  are  Jersey  pine.  The  one  with  resinous  exudations  along 
the  trunk  is  one  kind,  and  trunks  without  exudation  is  the  other. 
Since  Baird  and  Taylor  include  cultivated  trees  in  their  list  of  the  plants 
of  Clark  County,  it  is  proposed  to  drop  this  reference. 

Remarks. — White  pine  on  account  of  the  excellent  qualities  of  its 
wood  is  in  great  demand,  and  has  always  ranked  as  one  of  our  leading 
timber  trees.  In  fact  it  was  so  highly  prized  that  practically  all  of  the 
original  stand  of  this  species  has  been  cut. 

The  tree  adapts  itself  to  many  habitats,  hence  has  been  used  exten- 
sively for  forestry  purposes  both  in  America  and  Europe.  In  fact  it  was 
the  most  used  tree  in  forestry  until  about  ten  years  ago  when  the  white 
pine  blister  rust  was  discovered  in  America.  This  disease  is  now  found 
in  practically  all  of  the  states  where  this  species  forms  dense  stands. 
However,  Federal  and  State  authorities  are  trying  to  stamp  out  the 
disease.  In  Indiana  it  is  a  species  well  worth  a  trial  for  forestry  pur- 
poses, especially  in  windbreaks  where  other  species  are  used. 

2.  Pinus  Banksiajia  Lambert.  GRAY  PINE.  JACK  PINE.  Plate 
3.  A  small  tree  10-15  m.  high  with  reddish-brown  bark,  broken  into 
short  flakes;  shoots  of  season  yellow-green,  turning  reddish-brown, 
smooth;  leaves  dark  green,  in  twos,  2-5  cm.  long,  divergent,  curved  or 
twisted,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  persisting  for  two  or  three  years;  cones 
sessile,  sharp-pointed,  oblique  at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long,  usually 
pointing  in  the  direction  of  the  branch;  wood  light,  soft  and  weak. 

Distribution. — The  most  northern  of  all  of  our  pines.  Nova  Scotia 
to  northern  New  York,  northern  Illinois,  Minnesota  and  northward.  In 
Indiana  it  is  found  only  on  and  among  the  sand  dunes  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  in  no  instance  has  it  been  seen  more 
than  three  miles  from  the  Lake.  Found  sparingly  in  Lake,  Porter  and 
Laporte  Counties.  It  is  the  most  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Dune 
Park. 


iProc.  Ind.  Acad.   Sci.   1901:297:1902. 


PINUS  BANKSIANA  Lambert.     GRAY  OR  JACK  PINE. 


24 

PLATE  4. 


PINUS  VIRGINIANA  Miller.     JERSEY  OR  SCRUB  PINE, 


25 

3.  Pinus  virginiana  Miller.  JERSEY  PINE.  SCRUB  PINE.  Plate 
4.  Bark  dark-brown  with  rather  shallow  fissures,  the  ridges  broken, 
somewhat  scaly;  shoots  green,  light  brown  or  purplish  with  a  bloom, 
becoming  a  gray-brown;  leaves  in  bundles  of  two,  rarely  three,  twisted, 
usually  about  4-5  cm.  long,  deciduous  during  the  third  or  fourth  year; 
cones  sessile  or  nearly  so,  narrowly  conic  when  closed,  4-7  cm.  long, 
opening  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  season;  scales  armed  with  a  curved 
spine  2-4  mm.  long;  wood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle  and  slightly  resinous. 

Distribution. — Long  Island  to  South  Carolina,  Alabama  and  north 
to  Indiana  and  Licking  County,  Ohio.  The  distribution  in  Indiana  is 
quite  limited,  and  has  never  been  understood  by  authors  who  variously 
give  it  as  found  throughout  the  southern  part  of  Indiana.  It  is  confined 
to  the  knob  area  of  Floyd,  Clark  and  Scott  Counties,  and  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Washington  County.  In  the  original  forest  it  is  con- 
fined to  the  tops  of  the  knobs  where  it  is  associated  with  Quercus 
Prinus  (Gray's  Man.  7th  Edition).  It  propagates  easily  from  self- 
sown  seed,  hence  is  soon  found  on  the  lower  slopes  of  cut-over  lands, 
and  soon  occupies  fallow  fields.  It  is  now  found  in  the  open  woods 
several  miles  east  of  the  knobs  in  the  preceding  counties,  but  pioneers 
of  this  section  say  it  was  not  a  constituent  of  the  original  forests  but 
has  come  in  since  the  original  forests  were  heavily  cut  over.  It  is 
believed  that  it  crowned  the  knobs  over  our  area  from  5-10  miles  wide 
extending  through  the  counties  named  and  extending  northward  about 
25  miles.  This  species  is  found  in  the  open  woods  on  a  few  hills  on 
the  Millport  Ridge  in  the  northern  part  of  Washington  County,  and  it 
appears  as  if  native,  but  investigation  showed  that  it  had  spread  from 
a  tree  on  the  site  of  a  pioneer's  cabin.  It  is  also  found  as  a  frequent 
escape  on  the  wooded  bluff  of  Raccoon  Creek  in  the  southern  part  of 
Owen  County,  and  appears  as  native  here.  It  is  associated  on  the  bluff 
and  slope  with  hemlock.  Chas.  Green,  a  man  of  sixty  years,  who  owns 
the  place  says  the  trees  were  seeded  by  a  tree  planted  in  his  father's 
yard  nearby.  His  father  also  planted  a  white  pine  in  his  yard,  and  it  is 
to  be  noted  while  the  Jersey  Pine  has  freely  escaped  the  white  pine  has 
not,  although  the  habitat  seems  favorable. 

Remarks. — In  its  native  habitat  on  the  exposed  summits  of  the 
"knobs"  it  is  usually  a  small  tree  about  3  dm.  in  diameter  and  10  m. 
high.  When  it  finds  lodgement  on  the  lower  slopes  and  coves  it  may 
attain  a  diameter  of  7  dm.  and  a  height  of  25  m.  This  tree  is  really 
entitled  to  be  called  "old  field  pine"  on  account  of  its  ability  to  establish 
itself  on  them. 

From  the  ea^e  with  which  this  species  propagates  itself  from  seed  it 
seems  worthy  a  trial  for  forestry  purposes  in  the  "knob"  area  of  the 


26 

State.    However,  all  attempts  to  grow  this  species  from  seedlings  at  the 
Forest  Reserve  have  failed. 

2.     LARIX.     THE  LARCHES. 

Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.  TAMARACK.  Plate  No.  5. 
Tall  spire-like  trees,  usually  2-3  dm.  in  diameter,  rarely  as  large  as 
5  dm.  in  diameter;  bark  gray  or  reddish-brown,  scaly;  twigs  slender, 
smooth,  light  brown,  becoming  a  dark  gray  brown;  leaves  scattered 
along  the  shoots  of  the  season,  in  fascicles  on  the  older  branches,  usually 
20-50  in  a  bundle;  filiform,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  apex,  triangular 
in  cross-section,  all  falling  off  late  in  autumn;  staminate  flowers  borne 
on  the  short  leafless  branches,  the  pistillate  appear  with  the  leaves 
on  the  branches  of  the  previous  season;  cones  borne  on  short,  stout 
branchlets,  normally  erect  or  inclined  to  be  so,  10-20  mm.  long,  purplish 
brown  while  growing,  turning  to  a  light  brown  at  maturity,  persisting 
on  the  tree  for  about  a  year;  wood  hard,  heavy,  light  brown,  variable  in 
strength. 

Distribution. — Labrador,  Newfoundland  south  to  southern  New 
York,  West  Virginia,  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota and  northward.  In  Indiana  it  is  confined  to  the  northern  part  of 
the  State,  and  has  not  been  reported  south  of  the  northern  part  of  Cass 
County.  The  most  southern  station  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  is 
about  Lake  Everett  in  the  northwest  part  of  Allen  County.  It  is  found 
on  low  borders  of  lakes,  in  swamps  and  in  bogs.  In  all  of  its  stations 
in  Indiana  it  is  found  growing  near  the  water  level  in  great  depths  of 
organic  matter  more  or  less  decomposed  or  in  beds  of  peat,  which  con- 
tain little  or  practically  no  soil.  Where  it  is  found,  it  usually  forms  a 
pure  stand. 

Remarks. — Formerly  the  tamarack  was  a  common  tree  in  its  area. 
Recently  many  of  the  tamarack  swamps  have  been  drained.  This 
with  heavy  cutting  has  reduced  the  supply  of  tamarack  in  Indiana  to 
an  insignificant  amount.  The  tamarack  is  popularly  classed  as  white 
and  yellow — the  yellow  being  considered  the  better  of  the  two.  In  our 
area  it  is  used  principally  for  poles  and  posts.  There  is  a  diversity  of 
opinion  as  to  the  durability  of  tamarack  in  contact  with  the  soil.  The 
most  authentic  information  places  the  life  of  fence  posts  at  about  ten 
years. 

3.     TSUGA.     The  HEMLOCKS. 

Tsuga  canadensis  (Linnaeus)  Carriere.  HEMLOCK.  Plate  6. 
Tall  trees,  3-7  dm.  in  diameter,  with  reddish-brown  or  grayish  bark, 
deeply  furrowed;  shoots  very  slender  and  hairy,  becoming  smooth  in  a 


27 
PLATE  5. 


LARIX  LARICINA  (Du  Roi)  Koch.     TAMARACK,     (x  1.) 


28 

few  years;  leaves  apparently  2-ranked,  persisting  for  about  three  years, 
linear,  short  petioled,  6-13  mm.  long,  usually  about  10  mm.  long, 
usually  flat,  obtuse  or  notched  at  apex,  bright  green  and  shiny  above, 
bluish-white  beneath;  staminate  flowers  appear  early  in  the  spring 
from  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  season,  the  pistillate 
terminal,  erect,  oblong;  cones  almost  sessile  and  pendulous,  borne  on 
the  end  of  last  year's  branch,  maturing  the  first  season,  ovoid,  1.5-2.5 
cm.  long;  wood  light,  soft,  brittle,  not  durable,  difficult  to  work, 
splintery  but  holds  a  nail  well. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  south  to  Delaware,  west  to  Minnesota 
and  southeastward  through  Indiana  and  eastern  Kentucky,  thence 
southward  on  the  mountains  to  northern  Alabama.  In  Indiana  it  is 
not  found1  north  of  Brown  County.  It  is  found  in  limited  numbers  at 
the  following  places:  on  a  bluff  of  Bean  Blossom  Creek  in  Brown 
County;  on  a  steep  wooded  slope  on  the  south  side  of  a  small  creek  about 
one  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Borden  in  Clark  County,  and  also  reported 
on  the  bank  of  Silver  Creek  between  Clark  and  Floyd  Counties ;  a  few 
trees  on  the  top  and  sides  of  the  cliffs  about  one  mile  east  of  Taswell  in 
Crawford  County;  a  few  trees  on  the  bluff  of  Guthrie  Creek  in  Jackson 
County;  a  few  trees  along  the  north  fork  of  the  Muscatatuck  River 
between  Vernon  and  North  Vernon  in  Jennings  County;  a  few  trees 
on  the  south  bank  of  Back  Creek  near  Leesville  in  Lawrence  County; 
frequent  on  the  banks  of  Sugar  Creek  near  the  "Shades"  in  Mont- 
gomery County;  a  few  trees  on  the  bank  of  Raccoon  Creek  in  the 
southern  part  of  Owen  County;  frequent  on  the  bank  of  Sugar  Creek  in 
Turkey  Run  State  Park  in  Parke  County;  a  few  trees  on  the  banks  of 
Raccoon  and  Walnut  Creeks  in  Putnam  County.  Also  reported  by 
Beeler2  as  found  on  a  bluff  of  White  River  in  Morgan  County. 

In  all  of  its  stations  it  is  found  on  sandstone  bluffs  on  the  south  side 
of  streams,  giving  it  a  north  or  northwest  exposure.  In  a  few  of  the 
stations  there  are  no  small  trees,  but  in  Montgomery  County  along  Sugar 
Creek  it  is  reproducing  well. 

Remarks. — Hemlock  is  of  no  economic  importance  in  Indiana. 
The  bark  is  much  used  in  tanning.  Hemlock  is  frequently  used  for  a 
hedge  plant,  also  as  a  specimen  tree  in  parks,  etc. 

4.     TAXODIUM.     THE  BALD  CYPRESS. 

Taxodium  distichum  (LinnaBus)  L.  C.  Richard.  CYPRESS.  Plate 
7.  Large  tall  straight  trees,  up  to  18  dm.  in  diameter  and  45  m.  high, 
usually  with  a  buttressed  base  which  is  frequently  hollow.  In  wet 
situations  it  develops  steeple-shaped  projections  from  the  roots  to 

iSee  discussion  under  Abies  balsamea  on  page  290. 
2Proc.   Ind.   Hort.   Soc.   1892:53:1893. 


29 
PLATE  G. 


TSUGA  CANADENSIS  (Linnaeus)  Carriere.     HEMLOCK  (x 


30 

above  the  water  level,  known  as  "knees";  bark  gray  or  reddish-brown, 
separating  from  the  trunk  in  long  thin  narrow  strips;  shoots  light  green, 
smooth,  turning  reddish-brown  the  first  year,  then  a  darker  brown; 
leaves  spirally  arranged,  appearing  as  if  2-ranked  on  vegetative  shoots, 
linear,  5-15  mm.  long,  sessile,  acute,  yellowish-green,  turning  brown  in 
the  fall  and  dropping  off;  staminate  flowers  numerous,  borne  on  long 
terminal  panicles,  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves; 
fruit  a  cone,  globose,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  surface  with  some 
wrinkles  made  by  the  edges  of  the  closely  fitting  scales;  wood  light,  soft 
and  straight-grained,  rather  weak,  does  not  warp  or  shrink  much  and 
reputed  to  be  very  durable  when  exposed  to  soil  or  weather. 

Distribution. — Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Delaware  to  Florida 
and  along  the  Gulf  west  to  Texas  and  north  along  the  Mississippi 
Valley  to  Indiana.  In  Indiana  it  has  a  peculiar  and  limited  distribu- 
tion. The  mass  distribution  was  just  north  and  west  of  Decker  in  Knox 
County.  Collett1  estimates  that  20,000  acres  were  "covered  with  a 
fine  forest  of  cypress".  Wright2  maps  the  other  places  in  the  southern 
part  of  Knox  County  where  the  cypress  was  known  to  have  occurred. 
At  present  the  only  cypress  in  Knox  County  is  in  the  extreme  south- 
west part  of  the  county,  and  is  known  as  Little  Cypress  swamp.  Here 
it  is  associated  with  such  trees  as  white  elm  and  Schneck's  oak.  It  is 
believed  that  it  extended  only  a  few  miles  north  of  the  Deshee 
River.  Going  southward  it  has  not  been  seen  in  Gibson  County,  and 
is  first  noted  in  Posey  County  along  the  Wabash  River  in  a  cypress  pond 
about  12  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon.  Then  again  in  Posey  County 
along  the  Ohio  River  on  the  shores  of  Hovey  Lake,  and  in  a  slough 
about  3  miles  east  of  Mt.  Vernon.  It  occurred  in  a  few  spots  in  Vander- 
burg  County  along  the  Ohio  River  southwest  of  Evansville.  It  again 
appears  in  limited  numbers  along  Cypress  Creek  a  few  miles  east  of 
Newburg  in  Warrick  County,  which  is  its  eastern3  known  limit. 

The  cypress  in  all  of  its  stations  is  found  only  in  places  that  are  for 
the  greater  part  of  the  year  under  water. 

Remarks. — The  original  stand  of  cypress  in  Indiana  has  practically 
all  been  cut,  and  the  swamps  drained  and  now  under  cultivation.  In 
the  slough  east  of  Mt.  Vernon  for  several  years,  thousands  of  seedlings 
of  the  year  have  been  noted,  but  for  some  reason  they  do  not  survive  a 
second  year.  The  present  indications  are  that  the  cypress  will  be  ex- 
tinct in  Indiana  before  many  years  because  practically  no  small  trees 
can  be  found. 

This  species  is  highly  recommended  by  some  nurserymen  for  orna- 

ilnd.  Geol.  Surv.  Kept.  5:338:1874. 
2Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.   1897:173:1898. 

'Baird  &  Taylor's  reference  to  this  species  is  regarded  as  a  cultivated  tree  or  as  an  error ; 
Manual  Public  Schools  of  Clark  County,  Ind.     1878-9,  page  62. 


TAXODIUM  DISTICHUM     (Linnams)     L.     C.     Richard.     CYPRESS,     (x  H-) 


32 

mental  plantyig.  It  proves  hardy  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
It  is  a  fast  growing  tree,  adapted  to  a  wet  soil,  but  will  succeed  in  drier 
situations. 

5.     THUJA.     ARBOR-VITAE. 

Thuja  occidentalis  Linnaeus.  ARBOR-VITAE.  Plate  8.  Small 
evergreen  trees  with  a  conical  crown,  bark  on  old  trees  reddish-brown 
or  dark  gray,  shreddy;  branchlets  compressed,  reddish-brown;  leaves 
all  closely  appressed,  in  alternate  pairs,  scale-like,  about"3  mm.  long  on 
young  branchlets,  on  old  branches  some\vhat  longer  together  with  a 
spine  2-3  mm.  long;  flowers  appear  early  in  the  spring  from  the  ends  of 
the  branches;  cones  mature  the  first  season,  about  1  cm.  long  and  .5 
cm.  in  diameter;  wood  soft,  brittle,  weak  and  durable. 

Distribution. — New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Minnesota 
and  New  Jersey  thence  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee.  In  Indiana  it  is  found  native1  only  in  Lake  and 
Porter  Counties.  In  Lake  County  a  few  isolated  specimens  have  been 
found  in  several  places  near  Lake  Michigan.  In  Porter  County  it  is 
known  only  in  a  large  tamarack  swamp  north  of  the  Mineral  Springs 
stop  on  the  Traction  line,  and  about  a  mile  from  Lake  Michigan. 
Here  about  100  trees  are  found  scattered  over  an  area  of  less  than  two 
acres.  The  largest  specimen  measures  70  cm.  in  circumference.  This 
species  is  doomed  to  early  extinction  in  our  area.  No  doubt  it  already 
has  vanished  from  Lake  County,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  colony 
north  of  Mineral  Springs  is  the  last  of  the  species  in  Indiana. 

Remarks. — While  only  found  in  a  swamp  in  Indiana,  this  species 
adapts  itself  to  all  kinds  of  soils  and  exposures.  It  transplants  readily 
and  is  used  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  for  windbreaks.  Dwarf  forms 
are  frequently  planted  for  hedges.  The  wood  is  used  principally  for 
poles  and  posts,  and  is  commercially  known  as  white  cedar. 

6.  JUNIPERUS.     THE  JUNIPERS. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  scale- 
like  or  short-linear;  fruit  berry-like;  seeds  1-3. 

Juniperus  virginiana  Linnaeus.  RED  CEDAR.  Plate  9.  A 
small  tree,  usually  1-2  dm.  and  rarely  up  to  5  dm.  in  diameter;  bark 
shreddy;  branches  usually  more  or  less  ascending  which  gives  the  tree 
a  narrow  conic  appearance;  shoots  green,  soon  turning  light  to  reddish- 
brown  and  on  older  branches  gray  or  dark  brown;  leaves  4-ranked,  scale- 
like  and  1.5-2  mm.  long,  or  subulate,  decurrent  at  base  and  3-10  mm. 
long  on  vigorous  branches  or  very  small  trees;  flowers  terminal;  fruit 

iHamilton  County  by  Wilson,  no  doubt  from  a  cultivated  tree. 


33 

PLATE  8. 


THUJA  OCCIDENTALIS  Linnaeus.     ARBOR-VJT.E.     (x  J4) 


34 

ripening  the  first  season,  berry-like,  globose  but  longer  than  wide,  with 
a  bloom  and  a  very  resinous  pulp  about  the  seeds  which  are  usually 
1  or  2;  wood  light,  brittle,  close-grained,  durable  and  fragrant. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  south  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas  and 
north  to  South  Dakota.  It  is  found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana,  although 
sparingly  in  the  northern  part,  especially  where  streams  with  bluffs  are 
absent.  No  doubt  this  species  in  the  original  forests  was  confined  prin- 
cipally to  the  bluffs  of  streams  and  rocky  ravines.  Since  the  forests  have 
been  cut,  it  is  now  found  growing  along  fences,  in  open  dry  woods,  and 
in  southern  Indiana  it  is  a  common  tree  in  old  abandoned  fields,  and  in 
waste  places. 

Remarks. — Red  cedar  has  had  many  uses,  and  the  large  trees  have 
been  practically  all  harvested.  It  is  now  used  principally  for  poles, 
posts,  cross-ties,  cigar  boxes  and  lead  pencils.  It  is  the  best  wood  known 
for  lead  pencils.  The  odor  is  so  objectionable  to  insects  that  a  market 
has  been  made  for  chests  of  this  wood  in  which  to  store  clothing  and 
furs. 

SALICACEAE.1     THE  WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bitter  bark;  simple  alternate  leaves;  flowers 
in  catkins,  which  fall  off  as  a  whole,  the  staminate  after  flowering,  the 
pistillate  after  ripening  and  scattering  of  the  seeds,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate  on  different  plants  (dioecious);  flower  scales  single,  below 
each  flower;  fruit  a  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  capsule  opening  length- 
wise into  2  recurving  carpels  or  valves;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  oblong, 
bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Genera  2,  Salix,  the  willows,  and 
Populus,  the  aspens  and  poplars,  or  cottonwoods,  separated  by  the 
following  characters,  those  applying  only  to  Indiana  trees  species  in 
parentheses: 

Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale;  (leaf-blades  mostly  enlongated, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide) ;  flower  scales  entire  or 
rarely  shallowly  toothed  at  apex;  stamens  mostly  2  or  3-8 
or  10 . 1  Salix. 

Buds  covered  by  numerous  scales ;  (leaf-blades  mostly  cordate- 
ovate,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad) ;  flower  scales 
deeply  cut  or  lacerate;  stamens  more  than  10 2  Populus. 

1.     SALIX.     THE  WILLOWS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (occasionally  herbaceous)  with  usually  clustered 
teims,  twigs  round;  leaf-blades  lanceolate  and  long-acuminate  or 
slleptic-lanceolate  and  short  pointed  in  all  Indiana  tree  species,  finely 

iContributed  by  C.  R.  Ball,  Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  B.C.,  except  the 
genus  Populus. 


35 

PLATE  t>. 


JUNIPERUS  VIRGINIANA  Linnaeus.     RED  CEDAR,     (x 


36 

toothed  or  nearly  entire;  catkins  appearing  before  (precocious),  with 
(coetaneous),  or  after  the  leaves  (serotinous) ;  each  pistillate  flower  with 
a  little  gland  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel  on  the  inside. 

A  large  genus  of  several  hundred  species  varying  from  tiny  shrubby 
or  subherbaceous  plants  scarcely  an  inch  in  height  to  0.5  m.  (2  feet) 
or  more  in  diameter,  in  alluvial  lowlands;  occurring  under  Indiana 
conditions  from  cold  bogs  and  river  banks  to  dry  sand  dunes.  Willows 
are  used  for  many  purposes,  among  them  ornament,  shade,  hedges, 
posts,  poles,  mattresses,  revetments  to  protect  levees,  baskets,  fish- 
weirs,  whistles,  etc.,  while  the  wood  is  used  for  charcoal,  which  is  es- 
pecially prized  for  gunpowder  making,  and  the  bark  is  used  for  tanning 
and  furnishes  salicin,  which  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for 
quinine  and  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 

Small  to  large  trees;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly   lanceolate, 

mostly  long  pointed,  finely  and  rather  closely  toothed; 

flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves;   capsules  not   hairy. 

Native  trees;  leaves  green  on  both  sides  (No.  1)  or  white 

(glaucous)  beneath  (No.  2),  and  then  with  very   long 

points  and    long  slender    twisted    petioles  which   are 

never   glandular;   stamens   3-5-7   or  more. 

Twigs  dark  green,  spreading;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 

green  on  both  sides;  petioles  short IS.  nigra. 

Twigs    yellowish,    somewhat    drooping;    leaves    broadly 

lanceolate,  glaucous  beneath;  petioles     long,    twisted..   2  S.  amygdaloides. 
European   trees,    cultivated   for  ornament  and  use;  leaves 

always  glaucous  beneath;  stamens  always  2. 
Teeth  on  edge  of  leaf  8-10  to  each  cm.  (20-25  to  the  inch) ; 

petioles  usually  glandular;  capsules  almost  sessile ....   3  S.  alba. 
Teeth  on  edge  of  leaf  6-8  per  cm.  (15-20  to  the  inch) ;  peti- 
oles usually  glandular;  pedicels  0.5-1  mm.  long 4  S.  fragilis. 

Shrubs  or  rarely  small  trees;  leaves  elliptical  or  oblanceolate, 
short  pointed;  margin  entire  or  coarsely  wavy  or  shallow- 
toothed;  flowers  before  the  leaves;  stamens  2;  capsules 
long,  hairy. 

Twigs  and  leaves  not  hairy;  leaves  thin 4  S.  discolor. 

Twigs  and  sometimes  the  lower  suface  of  the  leaves  densely 

hairy,  leaves  thicker 5  S.  discolor 

eriocephala. 

1.  Salix  nigra  Marshall.  WILLOW.  BLACK  WILLOW.  Plate  10. 
Shrub  or  tree  5-20  m.  (17-65  feet)  high,  dark  green  in  mass  color; 
bark  of  trunk  thick,  rough,  flaky,  dark  brown  to  nearly  black;  twigs 
brittle  at  base,  the  younger  pubescent  and  green,  becoming  glabrous 
and  darker  with  age;  buds  ovate,  small,  2-3  mm.  (Vg  inch)  long; 
petioles  3-6  or  8  mm.  (*/%%  mcn)  I°ng5  stipules  small,  ovate  to 
roundish;  leaf  blades  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  at  base, 
long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  6-11  cm.  (2  ^-4  }/±  inches)  long,  7-12 


SALIX  NIGRA  Marshall.     BLACK  WILLOW,     (x  y2.) 


38 

mm.  (l/±-}/2  inch)  wide,  often  falcate  (scythe-shaped) ,  the  so-called 
variety  falcata),  finely  serrate,  green  on  both  sides,  shining  above, 
paler  and  dull  beneath,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  beneath  on 
midrib  and  larger  veins;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  late  April 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and  well  into  May  in  the  northern 
part;  catkins  slender,  2-5  or  6  cm.  (4/5-2  or  2  }/£  inches)  long,  the 
staminate  bright  yellow;  capsules  3-5  mm.  (i^  inch)  long,  ovoid  or 
ovoid-lanceolate,  on  pedicels  1-2  mm.  (1/16  inch)  long. 

Distribution. — New  Brunswick  and  New  England,  westward  to  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Great  Plains  area  from  North  Dakota  to  Texas, 
and,  in  some  forms,  westward  across  that  State  and  into  Mexico.  It  is 
interesting  that  this  species,  the  first  willow  published  in  America,  in 
the  first  book  on  American  Botany  ever  published  in  this  country, 
should  be  abundantly  and  widely  distributed  in  the  United  States. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties  in  Indiana : — 
Allen  (Beam);  Bartholomew  (Deam);  Clark  (Beam);  Crawford 
(Beam);  Bearborn  (Beam);  Bubois  (Beam);  Becatur  (Beam);  Floyd 
(Beam);  Fulton  (Beam);  Harrison  (Beam);  Hendricks  (Beam); 
Henry  (Beam);  Jackson  (Beam);  Jay  (Beam);  Jennings  (Beam); 
Knox  (Beam);  Kosciusko  (Beam);  Lagrange  (Beam);  Marion  (Mrs. 
Chas.  C.  Beam);  Marshall  (Beam);  Miami  (Beam);  Morgan  (Beam); 
Noble  (Beam);  Ohio  (Beam);  Parke  (Beam);  Perry  (Beam);  Porter 
(Beam);  Posey  (Beam);  Pulaski  (Beam);  Ripley  (Beam);  Steuben 
(Beam;  Sullivan  (Beam);  Tippecanoe  (Beam);  Vermillion  (Beam); 
Wabash  (Beam);  Warrick  (Beam);  White  (Beam). 

Economic  Uses. — The  black  willow  is  used  very  extensively  along 
the  lower  reaches  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  making  matresses  which 
protect  the  levees  from  washing.  In  1912,  it  was  estimated  that  150,000 
cords  were  used  annually. 

2.  Salix  amygdaloides  Andersson.  WILLOW.  PEACH-LEAVED  WIL- 
LOW. Plate  11.  Trees  3-12  m.  (10-40  feet)  high,  yellowish-green  in 
mass  color;  bark  of  trunk  fissured,  dark  brown  or  reddish-brown;  twigs 
longer  and  less  brittle  than  those  of  Salix  nigra,  yellowish  to  reddish- 
brown,  usually  somewhat  drooping,  giving  a  "weeping"  effect,  which, 
with  the  color,  makes  the  species  easily  recognizable  from  a  distance; 
buds  ovoid,  about  3  mm.  (%  inch)  long,  colored  as  the  twigs;  petioles 
long,  slender,  twisted,  5-15  or  20  mm.  (34-4/5  inch)  long;  leaves  lance- 
olate to  broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  somewhat 
acute  at  base,  long-pointed  at  apex,  closely  serrulate,  5-12  cm.  (2-5 
inches)  long,  1.5-3  cm.  (3/5-1  %  inches)  wide,  yellowish-green  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  glabrous;  flowers  appear  from  late  April  throughout 
May,  usually  later  than  those  of  Salix  nigra;  catkins  slender,  3-5  cm. 


SALIX  AMYGDALOIDES  Andersson.     PEACH-LEAVED  WILLOW,     (x 


40 

(1-2  inches)  long,  the  fertile  becoming  4-8  cm.  (1  ^-3  inches)  long  in 
fruit;  capsules  lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  (1/6  inch)  long;  pedicels  slender, 
2  mm.  (1/12  inch)  long. 

Distribution. — From  Western  Quebec  and  Central  New  York, 
west  to  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  British  Columbia,  Washington  and 
Oregon,  south  to  Colorado  and  northwest  Texas.  In  Indiana  fairly 
common  in  the  northern  third,  rare  in  the  central  third,  and  lacking 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Indiana  from  the  following  counties: 
Elkhart  (Deam);  Fulton  (Beam);  Henry  (Deam);  Jasper  (Beam); 
Kosciusko  (Beam);  Lake  (Beam),  (Umbach);  Laporte  (Beam);  Marion 
(Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Marshall  (Beam);  Pulaski  (Beam);  Steuben 
(Beam);  Wells  (Beam);  White  (Beam). 

3.  Salix  alba  Linnseus.      WILLOW.    WHITE  WILLOW.     Plate   12. 
Trees  with  1-5  spreading  stems,  5-20  m.  (17-65  feet)  high;  bark  rough, 
coarsely  ridged,  gray  to  brownish;  twigs  brittle  at  base,  green  or  yellow- 
ish, glabrous;  buds  5-6    mm.   (%  inch)   long;  petioles  5-10  mm.  (1/5- 
2/5  inch)  long,  seldom  glandular;  leaves  lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  (2-5  inches) 
long,  1-2.5  cm.  (2/5-1  inch)  wide,  acuminate  at  apex,  usually  acute  at 
base,  leaves  bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  thinly  to  densely 
silky  on  both  sides  when  young,  often  permanently  silky  beneath, 
margins  with  about  9-10  teeth  per  cm.  (2/5  inch),  usually  glandular; 
flowers  with  the  leaves,  in  April  and  May;  catkins  slender,  cylindrical, 
3-6  cm.  (1^-2^2  inches)  long;  scales  pale  yellow;  capsules  ovoid-conical, 
3-5   mm.    (^   inch)  long,  almost  sessile.     The  common  form  usually 
is  referred  to  variety  vitellina  (Linnseus)  Koch,  with  orange  twigs  and 
more  glabrate  leaves. 

Distribution. — A  native  of  Europe  which  has  been  frequently 
planted  and  sometimes  escapes. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Indiana  from  the  following  counties : 
Gibson  (Schneck) ;  Hamilton  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam) ;  Harrison  (Beam) ; 
Switzerland  (Beam);  Warren  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam). 

4.  Salix  fragilis   Linnseus.     WILLOW.  CRACK  WILLOW.     Plate  13. 
Tree  very  similar  to  Salix  alba;  twigs  very  brittle  at  the  base  (hence  the 
name),  green  to  reddish;  petioles  7-15  mm.  (}.£-%  inch)  long,  glandu- 
lar just  below  the  base  of  the  leaf;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  7-15 
cm.  (3-6  inches)  long,  2-3.5  cm.  (4/5-1  %  inches)  wide,  coarsely  serrate 
with  5-6  teeth  to  each  cm.  (2/5  inch)  of  margin,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  paler  to  glaucous  beneath,  rarely  green,  glabrous  on  both  sides; 
catkins  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  late  April  and  during  May,  4-8  cm. 
(1  J^-3   inches)  long;  capsules  slenderly  conical,  4-5  mm.   (1/5  inch) 
long,  on  pedicels  0.5-1  mm.  (1/16  inch)  long. 


41 

PLATE  12. 


SALIX  ALBA  Linnaeus.     WHITE  WILLOW,     (x 


42 

PLATE  13. 


SALIX  FRAGILLS  Linnaeus.     CRACK  WILLOW,     (x 


43 

Distribution. — A  native  of  Europe.  It  has  been  frequently  planted 
and  often  escapes. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  Indiana  counties: 
Benton  (Deam);  Clark  (Deam);  Laporte  (Beam);  Switzerland  (Beam); 
Union  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam). 

Economic  Uses. — This  species  and  the  white  willow  are  introduced 
from  Europe  and  extensively  grown  for  the  production  of  charcoal  to 
use  in  powder  making. 

5.  Salix  discolor  Muhlenberg.  PUSSY  WILLOW.  SWAMP  WILLOW. 
GLAUCOUS  WILLOW.  Plate  14.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-4  or  occasionally 
7-5  m.  (7-15  or  25  feet)  high;  bark  thin,  usually  smooth,  reddish  brown; 
twigs  stoutish,  reddish-purple  to  dark  brown,  often  pubescent  (see  the 
variety);  buds  large,  5-10  mm.  (1/5-2/5  inch)  long,  colored  as  the 
twigs;  stipules  large,  mostly  roundish,  entire  or  toothed;  leaves  short- 
lanceolate  to  elliptic  or  elliptic-oblanceolate,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  (2-4  inches)  long, 
2-3. 5  cm.  (4/5-1-^2  inches)  wide,  nearly  entire  to  coarsely  wavy -toothed 
on  the  margins,  dark  shining  green  above,  densely  glaucous  and  occa- 
sionally somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  especially  on  midrib  and  pri- 
maries; flowers  appear  in  late  March  or  in  April  before  the  leaves; 
catkins  sessile,  on  old  wood,  stout,  dense,  the  staminate  very  beauti- 
ful (pussies),  without  leaf-bracts  at  base,  2-5  cm.  (1-2  inches)  long,  the 
pistillate  becoming  3-8  cm.  (lM>-3  inches)  long  in  fruit;  scales  elliptic- 
oblanceolate,  densely  clothed  with  long  shining  hairs;  capsules  conic- 
rostrate,  7-10  or  12  mm.  (H~H  incn)  J°ng>  densely  gray-woolly; 
pedicels  1.5-3  mm.  (1/16-^ginch)  long. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  south  to  Belaware  and  west  to  the 
eastern  edge  of  the  Great  Plains-area.  Fairly  well  distributed  over  the 
entire  State  of  Indiana.  Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing counties:  Allen  (Beam);  Bearborn  (Beam);  Becatur  (Beam); 
Elkhart  (Beam);  Fulton  (Beam);  Gibson  (Schneck);  Hancock  (Mrs. 
Chas.  C.  Beam);  Henry  (Beam);  Jackson  (Beam);  Jay  (Beam);  Jef- 
ferson (Beam);  Jennings  (Beam);  Knox  (Beam);  Lake  (Beam); 
Marion  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Marshall  (Beam);  Newton  (Beam); 
Porter  (Beam) ;  Randolph  (Beam) ;  Ripley  (Beam) ;  Shelby  (Mrs.  Chas. 
C.  Beam);  Sullivan  (Beam);  Tippecanoe  (Beam);  Wabash  (Beam); 
Warren  (Beam);  Wayne  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam);  White  (Beam). 

5a.  Salix  discolor  variety  eriocephala  (Michaux)  Andersson. 
Biffers  from  the  species  chiefly  in  rather  densely  pubescent  twigs  and 
buds;  thicker  and  more  lanceolate  leaves,  usually  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath;  and  the  sometimes  more  densely  pubescent  catkins. 

Distribution. — Range  of  the  species  but  less  common.  Specimens 
have  been  seen  from  the  following  Indiana  counties:  Cass  (Beam); 


44 

PLATE  14. 


SALIX  DISCOLOR  Muhlenberg.     PUSSY  WILLOW,     (x 


45 

Decatur  (Beam);  Fulton  (Beam) ;  Gibson  (Schneck) ;  Jackson  (Beam); 
Jay  (Beam);  Knox  (Beam) ;  Laporte  (Beam);  Pulaski  (Beam);  Sullivan 
(Beam);  Warren  (Beam) ;  Wayne  (Beam). 

2.     P6PULUS.     THE  POPLARS. 

Rapidly  growing  trees;  buds  usually  large,  scaly  and  more  or  less 
resinous;  leaves  alternate,  broad,  toothed  or  sometimes  lobed;  flowers 
appearing  before  the  leaves  on  large  pendulous  catkins;  anthers  red  or 
purple. 

In  the  following  key  mature  leaves  from  trees  are  considered : 

Petioles  round  or  channeled,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  flattened 

laterally. 
Leaves   chalky-white    tomentose   beneath,    some   of   them 

more  or  less  lobed,  blades  6-10  cm.  long 1  P.  alba. 

Leaves  pubescent  or  whitish  tomentose  while  young,  never 

lobed,  blades  10-17  cm.  long 2  P.    heterophylla. 

Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally  especially  near  the  blade. 

Winter  buds  more  than  8  mm.  in  length,  stamens  more  than 

20,  capsules  more  than  3  mm.  in  diameter,  leaves  broadly 

deltoid,  majority  more  than  8  cm.  wide 3  P.  deltoides, 

Winter  buds  less  than  8  mm.  in  length,  stamens  fewer   than 
20,  capsules  less  than  3  mm.  in  diameter,  leaves  roundish 
ovate,  majority  less  than  8  cm.  wide. 
Winter  buds  more  or  less  pubescent,  dull; leaves  general- 
ly with  less  than  12  teeth  to  a  side 4  P.  grandidentata. 

Winter   buds    smooth    or   rarely    somewhat   pubescent, 

glossy;  leaves  with  more  than  12  teeth  to  a  side 5  P.    tremuloides. 

1.  Populus  alba  Linnaeus.  SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR.  Plate  15.  Short- 
trunked  trees  with  a  round  top,  up  to  a  meter  or  more  in  diameter; 
bark  on  young  trees  smooth,  greenish-white  or  gray,  becoming  furrowed 
on  old  trees,  gray  or  dark  brown;  shoots  white  tomentose,  becoming 
smooth  in  age ;  leaves  ovate  or  triangular,  3-5  lobed  or  irregularly  toothed, 
hairy  on  both  surfaces  on  expanding,  becoming  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above, 'remaining  white  tomentose  beneath;  stamens  about  8;  wood 
light,  soft  and  weak. 

Distribution. — Introduced  from  Europe  and  escaped  in  all  parts  of 
the  State. 

Remarks. — This  tree  has  long  been  under  cultivation,  and  several 
horticultural  forms  have  been  introduced.  It  is  falling  into  disuse 
on  account  of  its  habit  of  sending  up  root  shoots.  It  adapts  itself 
to  all  kinds  of  soil,  grows  rapidly,  transplants  easily,  stands  pruning 
well  and  has  few  insect  or  fungous  enemies. 


46 
PLATE  15. 


POPULUS  ALBA  Linnaeus.     SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR,     (x 


47 

2.  Populus     heterophylla     Linnaeus.       SWAMP       COTTONWOOD. 
SWAMP    POPLAR.    Plate  16.    Tall    trees   up  to  5-8  dm.    in   diameter- 
bark  of  old  trees  very  thick,  broken  into  long  ridges  which  are  separated 
by  deep  furrows,  reddish-brown  but  generally  weathered  to  ash-color; 
shoots  densely  woolly  at  first,  becoming  glabrous  before   the  second 
season;  leaves  broadly-ovate  with  petioles  2-10  cm.  long,  more  or  less 
woolly  on  both  surfaces  on  unfolding,  becoming  glabrous  above  and 
remaining  woolly  beneath,  at  least  on  the  larger  veins,  rarely  becoming 
entirely  glabrous,  usually  cordate  at  the  base,  blunt  at  apex,  margins 
rather  regularly  crenate-serrate;  flowers  in  April;  capsules  ripening  in 
June,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  on  stalks  5-10  mm.-  long;  wood  same  as 
the  next  species. 

Distribution. — Along  the  Atlantic  Coast  from  Connecticut  to 
Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  to  Louisiana,  and  northward  along  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Michigan.  It  is  found  in  many  parts  of  Indiana. 
In  the  northern  counties  it  is  found  in  "gumbo"  soils  in  swamps.  It  is 
a  common  tree  in  the  river  swamps  of  the  lower  Wabash  Valley  where  it 
reaches  its  greatest  size.  There  are  no  records  for  the  extreme  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  although  it  has  been  found  in  swamps  in 
Harrison  and  Clark  Counties  and  is  found  in  many  countiee  of  Ohio. 

Remarks. — The  pith  of  the  shoots  of  this  species  is  orange  which 
easily  distinguishes  it  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus  which  have 
a  white  pith.  This  species  in  all  of  its  range  is  closely  associated 
with  the  common  cottonwood,  and  millmen  make  no  distinction  in  the 
price  or  qualities  of  the  timber. 

3.  Populus  deltoides  Marshall.     COTTONWOOD.     CAROLINA  POP- 
LAR.     (Populus    balsamifera    var.    tiirginiana   (Castiglioni)   Sargent). 
Plate  17.       One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  Indiana  forests;  bark  of  very 
old  trees  very  thick,  broken  into  ridges  up  to  1  dm.  or  more  in  thickness, 
separated  by  deep  furrows,  reddish-brown,  weathering  to  a  gray;  leaves 
hairy  on  both  surfaces  as  they  unfold,   soon   glabrous  except  on  the 
margins  which  are  more  or  less  ciliate,  broadly-deltoid,  usually  7-12 
cm.  long,  and  about  as  wide,  base  more  or  less  truncate  or  cordate,  or 
somewhat  wedge-shaped,  with  rather  short  acuminate  tips,  crenate- 
serrate;  capsules  ovate,  about  6   mm.  in  diameter,  on  stalks  1-2  mm. 
long;  wood  light,  soft,  weak,  sap  wood  white,    heartwood  small  and 
brown;  warps  badly  on  drying. 

Distribution. — Quebec  to  Florida  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Throughout  Indiana  in  low  ground  along  streams,  in  swamps  and  about 
lakes.  On  account  of  its  habit  of  growing  only  in  low  ground  it  is 
infrequent  in  the  hill  country  of  southern  Indiana. 

Remarks. — The  cottonwood  is  adapted  to  a  moist  soil,  propagates 
easily,  grows  rapidly  and  is  one  of  the  best  trees  for  forestry  purposes 


48 
PLATE  16. 


'> 


POPULUS    HETEROPHYLLA    Linnuses.     SWAMP    COTTONWOOD.     (x 


49 

PLATE  17. 


POPULUS  DELTOIDES  Marshall.    COTTONWOOD.     (x 


50 

for  planting  overflow  lands,  and  for  planting  where  a  quick  shade  is 
desired  or  for  temporary  windbreaks. 

The  leaves  of  this  tree  are  quite  variable  and  several  forms  have 
been  described.  The  Carolina  poplar  of  nurserymen  has  an  upright 
habit  of  growth  and  was  formerly  much  planted  as  a  shade  tree.  Its 
undesirable  qualities  have  condemned  it,  and  most  cities  now  prohibit 
its  planting. 

Cottonwood  has  many  uses,  and  was  formerly  a  very  important 
timber  tree,  but  the  supply  has  so  diminished  that  large  trees  have 
become  quite  scarce.  The  thick  bark  was  much  used  by  the  boys  of 
the  pioneers  for  whittling  out  toys,  etc. 

4.  Populus  grandidentata  Michaux.  LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN. 
Plate  18.  A  small  or  medium-sized  tree,  1-4  dm.  in  diameter;  bark 
smooth,  grayish-green  or  whitish,  becoming  furrowed  and  dark  brown  on 
the  trunks  of  old  trees  that  grow  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State, 
especially  when  growing  in  a  swampy  habitat.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  where  the  tree  usually  grows  on  the  top  of  hills,  the  bark  does  not 
darken  so  much,  frequently  remaining  a  light  to  dark  gray  until  maturity. 
Shoots  more  or  less  woolly  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  reddish-brown; 
leaves  on  sprouts  and  very  young  trees  very  velvety  beneath,  slightly 
hairy  above,  ovate  in  outline,  cordate  at  base  and  with  blades  up  to  20 
cm.  in  length;  leaves  on  older  trees  a  yellow  green,  glabrous,  ovate, 
blades  usually  6-10  cm.  long,  coarsely  and  unevenly  toothed,  the  base 
slightly  rounded,  rarely  truncate  or  slightly  cordate,  the  apex  pointed 
or  rounded;  petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally;  stamens  6-12;  capsule 
about  5  mm.  long  on  a  stalk  about  1  mm.  long;  wood  soft,  light  and  not 
strong. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  west  to  northern  Minnesota  and  south 
to  the  Ohio  River,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  South  Caro- 
lina. Found  throughout  Indiana,  except  we  have  no  authentic  records 
for  Gibson1  and  Posey2  Counties.  In  the  northern  part  of  Indiana  it  is 
found  in  great  colonies  about  lakes,  etc.  or  rarely  a  few  trees  on  the 
crests  of  gravel  and  sand  ridges.  In  southern  Indiana  it  is  found  in  the 
"knob"  area  in  small  colonies  on  the  tops  of  the  ridges  associated  with 
scrub  pine  and  chestnut  oak  and  is  rarely  found  in  low  ground  in  this 
part  of  the  State. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  too  rare  to  be  of  much  economic  im- 
portance. It  could  be  most  profitably  used  for  excelsior  and  pulp  wood. 


iCoulter's  record  for  Gibson  County  by  Schneck  is  regarded  as  an  error  because 
Schneck  himself  does  not  report  it,  and  there  was  no  specimen  in  the  Schneck  herbarium. 

2Deam's  record  in  Kept.  Ind.  St.  Board  Forestry  1911:124:1912  was  a  manuscript 
error. 


POPULUS     GRANDIDENTATA  Michaux.     LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN,     (x 


52 

5.  Populus  tremuloides  Michaux.  QUAKING  ASPEN.  Plate  19. 
A  straight  narrow  tree  up  to  3  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  about  1-5  dm. 
in  diameter;  bark  usually  smooth,  greenish-white  or  gray,  on  older 
trees  becoming  rough  or  fissured,  and  turning  darker;  shoots  glabrous 
or  with  a  few  hairs,  turning  reddish-brown  the  first  season,  later  to 
a  gray;  leaves  of  sprouts  and  very  small  trees  usually  ovate  with  a 
cordate  base  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  leaves  of  older  trees; 
mature  leaves  on  older  trees  variable,  glabrous,  the  prevailing  type  has 
a  bluish-green  leaf  which  is  widely  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  3-7 
cm.  long,  truncate  or  slightly  rounded  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly 
short-pointed  at  apex,  finely  and  regularly  serrate,  the  unusual  type 
of  leaf  is  thinner,  yellow-green,  ovate,  %  as  wide  as  long,  rounded 
or  wedge-shaped  at  base,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point  at  the  apex, 
otherwise  as  the  prevailing  form;  stamens  6-12;  capsules  about  6  mm. 
long,  on  stalks  about  1  mm.  long;  wood  light,  soft  and  weak. 

Distribution. — One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  North 
American  trees.  It  ranges  from  Labrador  south  to  Pennsylvania,  thence 
southwest  to  northern  Mexico,  and  then  north  to  northern  Alaska.  It  is 
found  at  sea  level  and  at  elevations  of  10,000  feet.  There  are  records 
of  its  occurrence  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  In  all  of  its  Indiana  stations 
it  grows  only  in  low  ground  about  lakes,  swamps,  ponds,  low  places 
between  sand  dunes,  and  along  streams.  In  many  places  in  the  lake 
region  it  is  found  in  almost  pure  stands  over  small  areas. 

Remarks. — In  Indiana  this  species  is  not  of  sufficent  size  and 
abundance  to  be  of  much  economic  importance. 

JUGLANDACEAE.     THE  WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  large,  aromatic,  odd  pinnate  leaves;  flowers  appearing 
after  the  leaves  unfold,  the  staminate  in  catkins,  the  pistillate  solitary 
or  in  clusters ;  fruit  a  nut  in  a  fleshy  or  hard  fibrous  shell ;  kernel  edible 
or  astringent. 

Pith  of  twigs  chambered;  staminate  catkins  thick,  sessile  or 
short  stalked;  stamens  8-40,  glabrous;  nuts  with  a  network 
of  rough  projections 1  Juglans. 

Pith  of  twigs  not  chambered;  staminate  catkins  slender,  long- 
stalked;  stamens  3-10, hairy; nuts  more  or  less  angled  but 
smooth 2  Carya. 

1.     JUGLANS.     THE  WALNUTS. 

Trees  with  furrowed  bark;  pulp  surrounding  nut  continuous,  without 
lines  of  dehiscence  on  the  surface. 


53 

PLATE  19. 


POPULUS  TREMULOIDES  Miehaux.     QUAKING  ASPEN,     (x  Y2.) 


54 

Bark  gray,  ridges  smooth;  upper  part  of  leaf -scar  of  last  year's 
twigs  with  a  mat  of  hairs;  pith  dark-brown ;  fruit  oblong, 
husk  clammy 1  j.  cinerea. 

Bark  dark  brown,  ridges  rough;  upper  part  of  leaf -scar  of  last 
year's  twigs  without  a  mat  of  hairs;  pith  light  brown;  fruit 
orbicular  to  slightly  elongate,  husk  not  clammy 2  J.  nigra. 

1.  Juglans      cinerea     Linnaeus.       BUTTERNUT.       Plate     20.       A 
medium  sized  tree,  usually  less  than  6  dm.  in  diameter;  leaf-scars  with 
upper  margin  convex  or  rarely  notched;  leaves  3-6   dm.   in  length; 
leaflets  7-19,   the  middle   pairs  the  longest,   clammy,   almost  sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate,  6-12  cm.  long,   fine  serrate,   rounded  at  base  and 
acuminate  at  apex;  flowers  in  May  or  June;  fruit  ripens  in  October, 
4-8  cm.  long  with  4  prominent  longitudinal  ridges;  kernel  sweet  and 
very  oily;  wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained  but  takes  a  good 
polish. 

Distribution. — Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  south  to  the  Gulf 
States  and  west  to  Nebraska.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana,  although 
very  sparingly  in  some  counties.  It  is  an  infrequent  tree  in  our  range, 
and  in  only  a  few  localities  is  it  frequent  or  common.  It  is  found  along 
streams  and  in  ravines,  and  in  two  instances  it  has  been  noted  in  old 
tamarack  marshes.  It  prefers  a  well  drained  gravelly  soil,  and  is  rarely 
if  ever  found  in  a  compact  soil. 

Thrifty  trees  of  any  size  in  the  woodland  are  now  rarely  seen.  The 
tops  of  the  larger  trees  are  usually  found  in  a  more  or  less  dying  con- 
dition. Benedict  and  Elrod1  as  early  as  1892  make  the  following 
observation  in  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Cass  and  Wabash  Counties  : 
"A  few  scrubby,  half  dead  trees  were  seen,  the  last  of  their  race.  It 
seems  unable  to  adapt  itself  to  new  conditions,  and  is  rapidly  dying 
out." 

Remarks. — This  tree  is  often  called  the  white  walnut  to  distingush 
it  from  the  black  walnut  from  which  it  is  easily  separated.  It  is  too 
rare  in  Indiana  to  be  of  economic  importance,  except  that  trees  growing 
in  the  open  are  spared  for  the  nut  crop.  Trees  growing  in  the  open 
develop  a  short  trunk  with  a  wide  spreading  top  and  are  apparently 
much  healthier  than  when  grown  under  forest  conditions.  The  bark 
of  the  root  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  hepatic  stimulant. 

2.  Juglans  nigra  Linnaeus.     WALNUT.       Plate  21.       One  of  the 
largest  and  most  valuable  trees  of  the  Indiana  forest.    Leaf-scars  with 
the  upper  margin  notched;  leaves  3-7  dm.  long,  mature  leaves  glabrous 
above  and  pubescent  beneath,  leaflets,  usually   11-23,   almost  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  finely  serrate,  long-pointed  at  apex; 


ilnd.  Geol.   Kept.   17:263:1892. 


55 

PLATE  20. 


JUGLANS  CINEREA  Linnaeus.    BUTTERNUT.,    (x  y2.) 


56 

flowers  in  May  or  June;  fruit  ripens  the  first  year,  in  September  and 
October,  globose  to  oblong,  5-8  cm.  in  diameter;  nut  variable,  from 
subglobcse  to  ovoid  or  elliptical,  more  or  less  rounded  or  pointed  at  the 
ends,  1.5-3.5  cm.  through  the  widest  diameter;  kernel  edible;  wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse,  heart  wood  dark  brown,  durable, 
works  easily  and  takes  a  high  polish. 

Distribution. — Ontario  south  to  the  Gulf  States  and  west  to  Texas 
and  Nebraska.  It  was  more  or  less  frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of 
Indiana  in  well  drained  rich  soils. 

Remarks. — This  tree  is  frequently  called  black  walnut.  On  account 
of  the  many  excellent  qualities  of  the  wood,  the  walnut  has  been  a 
choice  timber  tree  from  pioneer  days  to  the  present.  It  served  the 
pioneer  for  rails,  and  in  his  buildings  for  sleepers,  rafters,  interior 
finish,  furniture,  etc.  It  soon  sprung  into  commercial  importance,  and 
has  been  used  for  almost  everything  for  which  wood  is  used.  Indiana 
and  Ohio  have  furnished  the  greatest  amount  of  walnut.  The  supply  of 
lumber  from  old  forest-grown  trees  has  become  so  scarce  that  it  is  sought 
in  old  buildings,  rail  fences,  old  stumps  and  old  furniture  has  been  worked 
over.  That  the  demand  for  walnut  timber  will  not  cease  is  assured;  this 
should  encourage  land  owners  to  grow  this  tree.  It  is  adapted  to  a 
moist,  rich,  deep  soil  and  will  do  well  in  such  a  habitat  in  all  parts  of  the 
State.  Where  such  land  is  set  aside  for  forestry  purposes,  no  better  tree 
could  be  used  for  planting.  Since  the  tree  develops  a  long  tap  root  which 
makes  it  difficult  to  transplant,  it  is  recommended  that  the  nuts  be 
stratified  in  the  fall,  and  the  germinated  nuts  be  planted  in  April  or 
May.  The  foliage  of  the  walnut  is  often  attacked  by  the  "tent  cater- 
pillar" which  can  be  easily  destioyed  by  burning  about  sun  down  when 
the  larva  collect  in  a  bunch  on  or  near  the  trunk  of  the  tree.  Since 
the  nut  of  the  walnut  is  of  considerable  commercial  value,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  the  walnut  be  planted  along  fences,  about  orchards  and  as 
one  of  the  species  in  windbreaks. 

2.     CARYA.     The   HICKORIES. 

Trees  with  hard,  tight  or  scaly  bark;  leaflets  alternate,  odd-pinnate, 
glandular-dotted  beneath;  leaflets  serrate,  usually  unequal  at  the  base, 
the  lateral  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  terminal  short-stalked,  the  lowest 
pair  the  smallest,  upper  pair  and  terminal  the  largest,  bruised  leaflets 
characteristically  aromatic;  staminate  flowers  in  slender  catkins, 
anthers  hairy ;  pistillate  flowers  in  small  clusters ;  fruit  a  bony  nut  con- 
tained in  a  woody  husk  which  separates  more  or  less  completely  from 
the  nut  into  four  parts. 


57 

PLATE  21. 


JUGLANS  NIGRA  Linnseus.     BLACK   WALNUT,      (x 


58 

There  are  now  recognized1  fifteen  species  and  several  varieties  of 
hickory,  all  of  which  grow  in  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Hickory  grows  in  no  other  place  in  the  world,  except  one 
species  in  northern  Mexico.  The  wood  of  the  different  species  of  hickory 
is  not  of  equal  commercial  vajue,  but  the  wood  of  the  commercial 
species  heads  the  list  of  Indiana  woods  for  strength,  toughness  and 
resiliency. 

The  individuals  of  the  several  species  vary  much  in  respect  to  their 
bark,  size  and  pubescence  of  the  twigs,  number  and  size  of  the  leaflets, 
size  and  shape  of  the  nuts.  No  attempt  will  be  made  to  deal  with  all 
of  the  extreme  forms,  and  only  those  reported  by  Heimlich2  and  Sar- 
gent3 will  be  discussed. 

Bud  scales  4-6,  valvate    (in  pairs),  leaflets  generally  curved 

backward. 
Leaflets  9-17,  generally  about  13;  nut  elongated,  circular  in 

cross-section;  kernel  sweet 1  C.  illinoensis. 

Leaflets  5-9,  generally  5-7;  nut  about  as  broad  as  long, 

compressed  in  cross-section;  kernel  bitter 2  C.  cordiformis. 

Bud  scales  more  than  6,  imbricated  (not  in  pairs) ;  leaflets  not 

curved  backward. 

Branchlets  usually  stout;  terminal  buds  large,  7-25  mm. 
long;  the  year's  growth  usually  more  or  less  hairy;  dry 
husks  4-10  mm.  thick. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  5 3  C.  ovata. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  more  than  5. 

Trees  of  low  ground;  bark  of  young  trees  tight  and 
light,  of  older  trees  scaly,  separating  into  long  thin 
plates;  branchlets  usually  light  orange  color; 
nuts  usually  large,  compressed,  3-6  cm.  long, 

pointed  at  base 4  C.  laciniosa. 

Trees  of  high  ground;  bark  of  young  trees  tight  and 
dark,  of  older  trees  tight  and  deeply  furrowed,  the 
thick  ridges  broken  into  short  lengths  which  on 
very  old  trees  loosen  at  the  base;  branchlets  red- 
dish-brown; nuts  usually  about  half  as  large  as 
the  preceding  and  usually  with  a  rounded  base. .  .   5  C.  alba. 
Branchlets  usually  slender;  terminal  buds  small,  5-12  mm. 
long;  the  year's  growth  usually  glabrous,  rarely  hairy; 
dried  husk  1-2.5  mm.  thick. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  not  covered  when  they  first  appear 
with  rusty-brown  pubescence. 


iSargent  in  Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  64:  58:1918. 

2Heimlich  in  Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.  1917:437:439:1918  credits  most  of  my  records 
jointly  with  Prof.  G.  N.  Hoffer.  This  is  an  error.  On  my  invitation  Prof.  Hoffer  accompanied 
me  nine  days  in  the  field  doing  mycological  work.  While  he  gave  me  valuable  assistance  in 
collecting  during  these  days,  his  assistance  and  responsibility  stopped  there  and  he  never 
asked  or  expected  to  be  considered  joint  author.  Again  on  our  trip  we  collected  only  in 
Daviess,  Gibson,  Fountain,  Knox,  Lawrence,  Martin,  Pike  and  Sullivan  Counties. 

sSargent  I.e. 


59 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  5;  fruit  usually  smooth  and 
tapering  at  base  to  a  short  stem  (fig-like) ;  shell  of  nut 
thick,  kernel  sweet  and  astringent 6  C.  glabra. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  generally  7;  fruit  usually 
granular,  rarely  tapering  at  the  base  to  a  short  stem 
(fig-like);  shell  of  nut  thin,  kernel  sweet  without 

astringency 7  C.  ovalis. 

Branchlets   and   leaves   densely   covered   when   they   first 

appear  with  rusty-brown  pubescence 8  C.  Buckleyi. 

1.  Carya  illinoensis  (Wangenheim)  K.  Koch.  PECAN.  Plate  22. 
Very  tall  slender  trees  up  to  15  dm.  in  diameter;  bark  tight,  sometimes 
becoming  scaly  on  very  old  trees,  fissured,  ridges  narrow,  ashy-brown 
tinged  with  red;  twigs  at  first  hairy,  becoming  smooth  or  nearly  so  and 
reddish-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season;  leaves  3-5  dm.  long;  leaflets 
9-17,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  curved  backward,  7-15 
cm.  long,  taper-pointed,  hairy  when  they  unfold,  becoming  at  maturity 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  dark  green  above,  and  a  yellow-green  beneath; 
clusters  of  staminate  catkins  sessile;  fruit  single  or  in  small  clusters, 
oblong  3.5-6  cm.  long,  the  winged  sutures  extending  to  the  base,  the  husk 
splitting  to  below  the  middle;  nut  ovoid-oblong,  reddish-brown;  wood 
heavy,  hard  and  not  strong. 

Distribution. — In  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Indiana  and  Iowa 
south  to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  was  a  native  of  the  southwest  part 
of  the  State.  It  was  a  common  tree  in  the  river  bottoms  of  Point 
Township  of  Posey  County,  and  in  the  bottoms  of  the  southwest  part 
of  Gibson  County.  It  was  found  more  or  less  frequently  in  the  bottoms 
of  the  Wabash  Valley,  as  far  north  as  to  within  four  miles  of  Covington 
where  the  author  collected  specimens  in  1918.  It  followed  the  bot- 
toms of  the  Ohio  River  east  at  least  as  far  as  Clark  County.  Michaux1 
gives  it  as  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Louisville.  Victor  Lyons  of  Jefferson- 
ville  says  that  it  was  a  native  to  the  east  part  of  Survey  29  of  the  Illinois 
Grant,  and  one  tree  in  the  north-west  corner  of  No.  32;  and  there  were 
nine  trees  9-10  dm.  in  diameter  in  Floyd  County  on  "Loop  Island". 
A  large  tree  grew  in  the  bottoms  near  Bethlehem  in  Clark  County,  which 
is  said  to  have  been  a  native. 

Young2  says  that  there  are  two  trees  in  Jefferson  County,  one  planted, 
the  other  probably  native.  Coulter3  says  "there  are  several  trees  in  the 
river  bottoms." 

There  are  several  trees  on  the  Elisha  Golay  farm  about  one  mile 
east  of  Vevay  which  are  in  rows,  which  show  that  they  were  planted. 
The  largest  has  a  trunk  2.2  m.  long  and  a  circumference  of  31  dm. 

tAndre  Michaux's  Travels  1793-1796. 

'Flora  of  Jefferson  County.     Ind.  Geol.  Surv.  Kept.  2:283:1871. 

'Flora  of  Jefferson  County.     Ind.  Geol.  Surv.  Kept.  6:265:1875. 


60 

PLATE  22. 


\ 


CARYA.ILLINOENSIS  (Wangenheim)  K.  Koch.     PECAN,     (x  J£) 
The  two  nuts  to  right  are  from  the  McCallister  hybrid  pecan  tree. 


61 

It  followed  the  north  fork  of  White  River  as  far  as  Greene  County, 
and  the  south  fork  of  White  River  as  far  as  Seymour.  A  pioneer  told 
me  he  remembered  a  small  colony  in  the  eastern  part  of  Washington 
County  in  the  bottoms  near  the  Muscatatuck  River.  In  Indiana 
it  is  found  only  in  very  low  land  which  is  subject  to  overflow. 

Remarks. — So  far  as  the  wood  is  concerned,  the  pecan  is  the  poorest 
of  all  hickories.  It  has  only  about  one-half  the  strength  and  stiffness 
of  the  shell-bark  hickory.  Although  the  wood  is  inferior,  the  pecan  has 
the  distinction  of  producing  the  best  nut  of  any  native  tree  of  America. 
The  pecan  was  well  known  to  the  Indians,  and  some  authors  say  the 
range  of  the  species  was  extended  by  planting  by  the  Indians.  It  has 
been  a  nut  of  commerce  ever  since  the  area  of  its  range  has  been  settled. 
It  was  planted  by  the  pioneers,  and  recently  nurserymen  took  up  the 
subject  of  growing  stock  by  budding  and  grafting  from  superior  trees. 
At  present  there  are  about  100  horticultural  varieties.  The  horticul- 
turist has  developed  forms  twice  the  size  of  the  native  nuts,  and  with 
shells  so  thin  as  to  be  styled  "paper-shelled."  The  pecan  has  been  ex- 
tensively planted  for  commercial  purposes  in  the  southern  states,  but 
information  obtained  from  owners  of  pecan  trees  in  Indiana  indicate 
that  the  winters  are  too  severe  for  profitable  pecan  culture  in  Indiana. 
During  the  winter  of  1917-18  the  whole  of  a  tract  of  13  year  old  pecan 
trees  on  the  Forest  Reserve  in  Clark  County  was  killed  back  to  the 
ground.  In  Noble  County  about  one  mile  south  of  Wolf  Lake  is  a  tree 
planted  about  50  years  ago  that  is  about  9  dm.  in  circumference  that 
frequently  sets  nuts  but  they  never  mature  on  account  of  the  early 
frosts. 

2.  Carya  cordiformis  (Wangenheim)  K.  Koch.  PIGNUT  HICK- 
ory.  Plate  23.  Large  tall  trees  with  tight  bark,  usually  a  light 
gray,  sometimes  darker,  fissures  shallow  and  very  irregular;  twigs  at 
first  green,  somewhat  hairy,  soon  becoming  smooth  or  nearly  so,  and  a 
yellowish-brown,  or  reddish-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season;  leaves  and 
leaflets  variable,  the  prevailing  type  of  trees  have  smaller  leaves  with 
with  long  and  narrow  leaflets,  the  unusual  form  has  larger  leaves  up 
to  4  dm.  in  length  with  terminal  leaflets  up  to  2  dm.  in  length  and  8.5 
cm.  in  width,  and  the  last  pair  almost  as  large;  fruit  sub-globose  or  rare- 
ly oblong,  2-3.5  cm.  long;  wings  of  sutures  extending  to  below  the  mid- 
dle, rarely  one  reaching  the  base;  husk  about  1.5  mm.  thick,  tardily 
separating  to  about  the  middle;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  slightly  flattened 
laterally,  often  as  wide  or  wider  than  long,  depressed,  obcordate,  with 
a  short  or  long  point  at  the  apex,  ovoid  or  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth 
or  rarely  with  four  distinct  ridges;  shell  very  thin  and  brittle;  kernel 
very  bitter;  wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough  and  close-grained. 


62 
PLATE  23. 


CARYA  CORDIFORMIS  (Wangenheim)     K.  Koch.     PIGNUT  HICKORY. 

(x  y2.) 

The  nuts  are  from  different  trees  to  show  variation. 


63 

It  has  about  92  per  cent  of  the  strength  and  about  73  per  cent  of  the 
stiffness   of  shell-bark   hickory. 

Distribution. — Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  west  to  Nebraska 
and  south  to  the  Gulf  States.  In  Indiana  a  map  distribution  of  the 
species  in  the  State  shows  that  it  has  been  found  in  practically  all  of  the 
counties  on  the  west,  north  and  east  borders.  It  is  usually  found 
in  rich  soil  along  streams  and  in  rich  woods,  and  may  be  found  in  all 
of  the  counties  of  the  State.  Despite  the  fact  that  no  animal  agency 
was  active  against  the  propagation  of  this  tree,  it  was  rarely  found 
more  than  as  an  infrequent  tree  throughout  our  range. 

Remarks. — The  hickories  as  a  class,  except  the  pecan,  can  not  stand 
"civilization,"  especially  much  tramping  about  the  base.  It  appears 
that  the  pig-nut  hickory  is  the  most  easily  affected.  In  Parke  County 
about  Coxville  great  numbers  of  the  trees  have  been  killed  by  the  borers. 
For  the  uses  of  the  wood  see  shell-bark  hickory.  Since  this  species 
does  not  produce  as  much  marketable  lumber  as  the  shell-bark  hickory, 
and  the  nuts  are  valueless,  it  should  not  be  recommended  for  planting 
in  the  farmer's  woodlot.  The  rossed  bark  of  this  species  is  preferred 
by  manufacturers  of  split-bottomed  chairs,  and  is  known  by  them  as 
"yellow-bud"  hickory. 

3.  Carya  ovata  (Miller)  K.  Koch.  SHELLBARK  HICKORY.  Plate 
24.  Large  and  very  tall  trees;  bark  of  young  trees  tight,  beginning  to 
scale  when  the  trees  reach  1-2  dm.  in  diameter,  separating  into  long  thin 
strips  on  old  trees;  twigs  at  the  end  of  the  season  usually  stout,  3-5  mm. 
in  diamter  near  the  tip,  but  some  are  slender  and  as  small  as  2.5  mm. 
in  diameter,  at  first  covered  with  hairs,  becoming  smooth  at  the  end  of 
the  season  or  remaining  hairy,  reddish-brown;  winter  buds  hairy,  the 
terminal  one  on  vigorous  shoots  long-ovoid,  outer  scales  sharp-pointed; 
ordinary  leaves  2-4  dm.  long;  leaflets  3-5,  the  lateral  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk  about  1  dm.  long,  up  to 
10  cm.  wide  and  22  cm.  long,  leaflets  variable  in  shape  from 
ovate  to  oval,  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  all  long  taper-pointed,  hairy 
beneath  when  they  unfold  and  remaining  hairy  until  maturity  or  some- 
times becoming  almost  glabrous;  fruit  variable  in  size,  3-6  cm.  long, 
usually  subglobose,  furrowed  along  the  sutures  at  least  near  the  outer 
end;  husk  freely  splitting  to  the  base,  except  one  tree  which  was  noted 
where  the  husk  remains  on  the  nut,  rarely  opening  for  only  a  short 
distance  at  the  apex,  very  variable  in  thickness  from  4-10  mm.;  nut 
exceedingly  variable,  compressed,  4-angled,  the  angles  generally  visible 
to  the  base,  2-3  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pointed,  rarely  rounded  at  the 
base  or  obcordate  at  the  apex,  generally  ovate  to  oval  in  outline,  some 
almost  freakish  in  shape ;  shell  generally  thin ;  kernel .  sweet ;  wood  heavy, 


64 

PLATE  24. 


CARYA    OVATA    (Miller)    K-    Koeh.     SHEIXBARK    HICKORY,    (x 
The  nuts  are  from  different  trees  to  show  variation. 


65 

very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  fight  brown,  sap  wood  white  and 
thin  on  old  trees. 

Distribution. — Quebec  west  to  southern  Minnesota.  Kansas  and 
eastern  Texas,  thence  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  through  the  north  part 
of  the  Gulf  States.  It  is  frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  Indiana 
r»t  on  the  hflls  of  the  southern  part.  It  prefers  rich  moist  soil  and 
-  _  uerally  found  in  bottom  lands  or  on  rolling  land,  and  if  in  dryer 
situations  on  the  sides  of  hills.  It  is  generally  associated  with  red  oak, 
big  shellbark  hickory,  swamp  white  oak.  sweet  gum.  linn,  white  ash. 
slippery  elm.  sugar  maple,  beech,  etc.  In  the  forest  it  is  a  tall  straight 
tree  with  few  main  branches  for  a  crown.  Xo  tree  carries  its  taper 
better  than  this  species.  When  grown  in  the  open  the  side  branches  do 
not  shade  off.  and  it  grows  to  a  medium  height  with  a  wide  spreading 
ciown. 

Remarks. — The  writer  has  one  specimen  from  Wells  County  which 
no  doubt  should  be  referred  to  this  species,  but  the  description  has  not 
been  drawn  to  cover  it.  The  twigs  are  very  slender  and  pubescent;  the 
leaves  are  normal  and  pubescent :  the  fruit  is  obovoid.  2-4  cm.  long ;  husk 
n  *han  1  mm.  thick  at  outer  end  and  2  mm.  thick  at  the  base;  nut 
obovoid,  1-8  cm.  long,  little  compressed,  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  slightly  angled,  angles  obscure  on  lower  half:  otheiwise 
as  the  type. 

The  species  is  very  variable  and  no  dependence  can  be  placed  upon 
such  characters  as  pubescence  of  the  twigs,  leaves  or  fiuit,  size  of  the 
twigs,  color  of  the  anthers,  size  or  shape  of  the  uuts. 

The  wood  of  the  shcllbark  and  the  big  shellbark  hickories  is  the  most 
used  of  all  the  hickories  because  it  is  generally  freer  from  knots  and 
blemishes.  Hickory  is  used  principally  for  carriage  and  wagon  stock, 
agricultural  implements,  handles  and  fuel.  The  supply  of  hickory  is 
fast  waning,  and  in  the  near  future  will  be  limited. 

The  hickories  are  very  slow  growing  trees.  They  develop  a  long  tap 
root,  hence  are  hard  to  transplant.  Hickory  should  constitute  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  woodlot.  If  this  species  is  not  well  represented, 
germinated  nuts  should  be  planted.  The  nut  of  this  species  usually 
sells  for  $3.00  to  $5.00  per  bushel,  which  should  encourage  land  owners 
to  plant  it  in  the  open  along  fences  and  about  the  orchard.  It  should 
be  remembered  that  hickory  will  not  stand  much  tramping  by  stock. 

3a.  Gary  a  ovata  variety  fraxinifolia  Sargent.  Trees  and  Shrubs 
2:207:1913.  Is  described  as  '"having  leaflets  lanceolate  to  slightly 
oblanceolate.  acuminate,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  lustrous  above, 
pubescent  along  the  midribs  below,  the  terminal  1.4-1.5  dm.  long  from 
4.4-5  cm.  wide,  and  raised  on  a  slender  puberulous  petiolule.  the  lateral 


66 

leaflets  unsymmetrical  at  the  base,  sessile,  those  of  the  lowest  pair 
7-9  cm.  long,  and  from  2.5-3  cm.  wide.  Sargent1  says  "this  variety 
occurs  in  Indiana,"  basing  his  authority  upon  my  specimens  of  which 
he  has  duplicates.  Heimlich2  reports  this  variety  from  White  County, 
and  at  the  same  time  he  reported  the  variety  from  Daviess,  Martin  and 
Wells  Counties,  based  upon  specimens  collected  by  the  author  and 
determined  by  Sargent.  I  have  carefully  studied  the  specimens  from 
Daviess,  Martin  and  Wells  Counties,  and  they  do  not  agree  with 
Sargent's  description  of  the  variety.  While  most  of  the  leaves  of  the 
specimens  in  question  agree  with  the  description,  some  do  not,  which 
excludes  it  from  the  variety. 

3b.  Carya  ovata  variety  Nuttallii  Sargent.  Trees  and  Shrubs 
2:207:1913.  This  variety  is  described  as  having  "nut  rounded, 
obcordate  or  rarely  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  pointed 
at  the  base,  much  compressed,  prominently  angled,  about  1.5 
cm.  long  and  1-1.2  cm.  thick;  the  involucre  4-10  mm.  thick, 
splits  freely  to  the  base.  Except  in  size  of  the  fruit  there  appears 
to  be  no  character  by  which  the  variety  can  be  distinguished  from 
the  common  Shagbark."  Heimlich3  reported  this  variety  from  Dekalb 
County,  based  upon  specimens  collected  by  the  author  and  determined 
by  Sargent.  The  nuts  of  the  specimens  from  Dekalb  County  are  2  cm. 
long.  The  author  has  specimens  from  Wells  County  that  agree  with 
the  description. 

4.  Carya  laciniosa  (Michaux  films)  Loudon.  Big  Shellbark  Hic- 
kory. Plate  25.  Large  tall  trees  with  trunks  like  those  of  the 
shellbark  hickory;  bark  of  young  trees  tight,  beginning  to  scale  when  the 
trees  reach  a  diameter  of  1-2  dm.,  on  older  trees  separating  and  scaling 
off  into  long  thin  narrow  strips ;  twigs  at  the  end  of  the  season  stout, 
4-7  mm.  thick  near  the  tip,  the  twigs  of  the  season  hairy  at  first,  becom- 
ing glabrous  or  nearly  so  by  the  end  of  autumn,  yellowish  or  late  in 
autumn  a  rusty  brown,  frequently  retaining  the  leaf-stalks  of  the  leaves 
of  the  previous  season  until  spring  which  is  peculiar  to  this  species; 
terminal  buds  large,  ovoid  to  ovoid-oblong,  10-25  mm.  long;  ordinary 
leaves  3-5  dm.  long;  leaflets  5-9,  prevailing  number  7,  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  obovate,  the  largest  1-2  dm.  long,  velvety  beneath  when 
they  unfold  and  remaining  hairy  beneath  until  maturity,  rarely  nearly 
glabrous;  fruit  ovate,  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovate,  3.5-7  cm.  long; 
dry  husk  3.5-11  mm.  thick;  nut  variable,  generally  much  compressed, 
up  to  5.5  cm.  long,  usually  circular  in  outline,  but  varying  from  ovate 
to  obovate  and  oblong,  usually  each  side  has  2  or  3  ridges  which  extend 


iBot.  Gaz.  Vol.  66:236:1918. 

2Proc.  Ina.  Acad.   Sci.   1917:435:1918. 

iProc.  Ind.  Acad.   Sci.  1917:435:1918. 


67 

PLATE  25. 


CARYA    LACINIOSA    (Michaux   fQius)    Loudon.     BIG   SHELL-BARK    HICKORY. 

(x  y2.) 

The  nuts  are  from  different  trees  to  show  variation. 


68 

more  or  less  often  to  the  base;  shell  very  thick;  kernel  sweet;  wood  and 
uses  same  as  that  of  the  shellbark  hickory. 

Distribution. — Southwestern  Ontario  south  to  Alabama  and  west 
to  Louisiana,  Nebraska  and  Iowa.  Found  throughout  Indiana,  except 
there  are  as  yet  no  records  from  the  extreme  northwest  counties.  It  is 
frequent  to  common  in  moist  rich  woods,  or  in  river  bottoms  which  is  its 
favorite  habitat.  It  is  usually  associated  with  the  shellbark  hickory 
where  it  grows  in  moist  situations.  Sometimes  in  the  river  bottoms  it 
grows  in  situations  too  wet  for  the  shellbark  hickory.  In  the  lower 
Wabash  bottoms  it  becomes  a  common  tree. 

Remarks. — This  hickory  is  also  known  as  the  big  scalybark  hickory 
and  hard-head  hickory.  The  nuts  are  an  article  of  commerce  and  by 
some  are  preferred  to  the  shellbark  hickory  although  the  nuts  are  hard 
to  crack.  This  objection  is  easily  overcome  by  wetting  the  nuts,  and 
drying  them  by  using  heat  which  cracks  the  shell,  making  them  easy  to 
crack. 

5.  Carya  alba  (LinnaBus)  K.  Koch.  WHITE  HICKORY.  Plate  26. 
Medium  sized  tall  trees  up  to  10  dm.  in  diameter;  bark  tight,  of  two 
types,  one  light  colored,  thin  and  fissured  into  a  net-work.  This  form 
has  been  seen  only  in  the  river  bottoms  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
State.  The  common  type  of  bark  is  thick,  with  thick  ridges,  dark  but 
on  the  older  trees  it  weathers  to  a  light  gray  and  becomes  thickly 
covered  with  lichens;  terminal  twigs  of  branches  at  end  of  season  stout, 
3.5-7  mm.  in  diameter  near  the  tip,  densely  hairy  at  first  and  remaining 
hairy  throughout  the  season  or  becoming  almost  glabrous,  reddish- 
brown;  terminal  fyud  large,  ovate,  10-20  mm.  long;  ordinary  leaves 
2-4  dm.  long,  the  rachis  and  under  side  of  leaflets  densely  hairy  when 
they  unfold,  remaining  pubescent  until  maturity;  leaflets  5-9,  prevailing 
number  7,  long-oval,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  obovate;  fruit  usually  globose, 
more  rarely  short  elliptic,  ovate  or  obovoid,  the  husk  rather  tardily 
opening  to  nearly  the  base,  or  only  checking  open  at  the  top;  dried  husk 
3-8  mm.  thick;  nut  variable  in  shape,  little  compressed,  somewhat 
globose,  a  little  longer  than  wide,  more  rarely  wider  than  long  or  short 
elliptic,  usually  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  generally  rounded  at  the  base  and 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  more  rarely  pointed  at  the  base  and  long 
pointed  at  the  apex,  (one  specimen  is  at  hand  that  is  almost  a  square 
box),  usually  with  4-6  angles,  on  some  forms  obscure;  shell  thick;  kernel 
very  small,  sweet;  wood  and  uses  same  as  shellbark  hickory. 

Distribution. — Southwestern  Ontario  south  to  the  Gulf  and  west  to 
Texas,  Missouri  and  Iowa.  Found  throughout  Indiana,  except  there 
are  no  records  from  the  extreme  northwestern  counties.  This  species 
except  in  the  lower  Wabash  Valley  is  confined  to  the  uplands.  It  is 


CARYA  ALBA  (Linnaeus)  K.  Koch.     WHITE  HICKORY,     (x 
The  nuts  are  from  different  trees  to  show  variation. 


70 

rather  a  rare  tree  in  northern  Indiana,  but  becomes  more  or  less  frequent 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State  south  of  the  Wabash  River  and  more  or 
less  frequent  to  common  on  the  hills  in  all  of  the  State  south  of  Marion 
County.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  unglaciated  area. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  called  mockernut  by  text  books,  and  bull 
hickory  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany. 

5a.  Carya  alba  variety  subcoriacea  Sargent.  Trees  and  Shrubs 
2:207:1913.  Only  one  tree  of  this  variety  is  known  in  Indiana  and  it  is 
located  in  Posey  County  on  the  bank  of  the  cypress  swamp  about  13 
miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon.  Specimens  from  this  tree  were  sent  to 
Sargent  and  he  referred  them  to  this  variety.1  It  differs  from  the 
type  in  the  larger  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit  and  nut.  The  dried  fruit 
is  5  cm.  long,  oblong.  The  nut  is  oblong,  4.4  cm.  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  or  some  nuts  somewhat  ovate  in  shape  and  more  rounded 
at  the  base,  little  compressed  and  strongly  angled;  shell  very  thick, 
5  mm.  at  the  thinnest  place;  kernel  very  small  and  sweet. 
The  nut  easily  distinguishes  it  from  all  forms  of  hickory.  The  author 
has  bought  hickory  nuts  for  table  use  for  several  years  from  Posey 
County  and  this  nut  is  frequently  found  in  the  assortment  which 
shows  that  this  variety  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  that  section. 

6.  Carya  glabra  (Miller)  Spach.  BLACK  HICKORY.  Plate  27. 
Very  tall  medium  sized  trees,  up  to  7  dm.  in  diameter;  bark  tight,  usually 
dark,  fissures  shallow  on  some  and  quite  deep  on  others;  twigs  reddish- 
brown,  glabrous,  terminal  buds  small,  ovoid,  about  7-12  mm.  long; 
ordinary  leaves  2-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  generally  lanceolate,  sometimes 
quite  wide,  or  wider  beyond  the  middle,  prevailing  number  5,  the 
terminal  usually  11-19  cm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent  on  unfolding, 
more  or  less  pubescent  below  at  maturity,  usually  only  the  midrib, 
axils  and  larger  veins  with  hairs;  fruit  generally  smooth  and  obovoid, 
rarely  globose  or  oval,  22-40  mm.  long;  husk  sometimes  not  opening, 
more  often  one  or  more  of  the  sutures  open  to  less  than  half  way, 
1-2  mm.  thick;  nut  about  20-30  mm.  long  and  16-25  mm. 
wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  elongated  and  rounded  at  the  base,  angles 
wanting  or  obscure;  shell  very  hard  and  thick,  about  1.5  mm.  thick 
at  the  thinnest  point;  kernel  sweet  and  astringent;  wood  and  uses  same 
as  that  of  the  shellbark  hickory. 

Distribution. — Southern  Ontario  south  to  the  Gulf  States  and  west 
to  Texas  and  Iowa.  This  species  is  reported  for  all  parts  of  the  State. 
However,  the  records  for  the  northern  counties  were  made  when  this 
species  was  not  separated  from  Carya  ovalis,  and  since  the  latter  species 
is  quite  frequent  in  the  northern  counties  it  is  best  to  refer  the  early 

iBot.  Gaz.  66:237:1918. 


71 

PLATE  27. 


CARYA  GLABRA  (Miller)  Spach.     BLACK  HICKORY,     (x 
Fruit    from    different    trees    to    show    variation. 


72 

records  to  Carya  ovalis.  The  most  northern  station  based  upon  an  exist- 
ing specimen  is  the  north  side  of  the  Mississinewa  River  east  of  Eaton 
in  Delaware  County.  It  is  a  frequent,  common  to  very  common  tree 
on  the  hills  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  It  has  its  mass  distribu- 
tion in  the  unglaciated  part  of  the  State,  although  it  is  locally  a  frequent 
to  a  common  tree  of  the  hills  of  the  other  southern  counties.  It  ap- 
pears that  this  species  has  the  ability  to  invade  areas  after  the  vir- 
gin forest  is  cut,  and  it  is  not  an  uncommon  sight  to  see  this  species 
in  almost  pure  stands  on  the  hills  of  cut-over  lands. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  often  called  pignut.  Sargent  wisely 
suggests  that  this  name  be  used  exclusively  for  Carya  cordiformis.  The 
great  abundance  of  this  species  in  Brown,  Morgan  and  Monroe  Counties 
has  been  instrumental  in  building  up  a  large  business  in  the  manufacture 
of  hickory  chairs  and  furniture.  Frames  of  furniture  are  made  from  the 
very  young  trees,  and  backs  and  seats  from  the  bark  of  old  trees,  which 
are  cut,  stripped  of  their  bark,  and  often  left  to  rot. 

6a.  Carya  glabra  variety  megacarpa  Sargent1.  This  variety 
was  reported  for  Indiana  by  Heimlich.2  His  report  was  based  on  a 
specimen  collected  by  the  author  in  Franklin  County.  It  was  named 
by  Sargent  who  has  a  duplicate  specimen.  Sargent  in  his  revision  of 
the  hickories  does  not  include  Indiana  in  its  range.  The  size  of  the 
fruit  is  the  character  that  marks  the  variety  and  I  do  not  believe  this  is 
sufficient  to  warrant  its  separation.  I  have,  therefore,  included  all 
Indiana  forms  under  the  type. 

7.  Carya  ovalis  (Wangenheim)  Sargent.  SMALL-FRUITED  HICK- 
ORY. Plate  28.  Medium  sized  tall  trees;  bark  usually  tight  on 
the  trunk  for  a  distance  up  to  1.5-3  m.,  then  becoming  more  or  less 
scaly  like  the  shellbark  hickory,  on  some  trees  the  bark  is  very  thick 
and  is  quite  scaly  but  it  does  not  flake  off  in  thin  plates  as  the  shell- 
bark  hickory;  twigs  purplish  or  reddish-brown,  generally  smooth  by  the 
end  of  the  season,  generally  3-4  mm.  thick  near  the  tip;  terminal  winter 
buds  ovoid,  7-10  mm.  long,  covered  with  yellow  scales  and  more  or  less 
pubescent;  average  size  leaves  2-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  3-7,  prevailing 
number  usually  7,  sometimes  5,  usually  lanceolate,  frequently  oval  or 
slightly  obovate,  the  terminal  12-21  cm.  long,  at  maturity  usually 
pubescent  beneath  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  more  rarely  also  the  veins 
covered  with  hairs;  fruit  varies  greatly  in  size  and  shape,  the  most 
common  form  is  obovoid,  more  rarely  oval,  or  subglobose,  25-42  mm. 
in  length,  granular  and  covered  with  yellow  scales;  husk  usually 
splitting  to  the  base,  although  tardily  on  some,  often  quite  aromatic, 
dry  husk  1.1-3  mm.  thick;  nut  variable  in  size  and  shape,  from  elliptic 

!Bot.  Gaz.  66:244:1918. 

2Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.  1917:436:1918. 


73 

PLATE  28. 


CARYA  OVALIS   (Wangenheim)  Sargent.     SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY,     (x 
The  nuts  show  the  species  and  its  varieties. 


74 

to  obovoid,  15-30  mm.  long,  compressed,  generally  about  20  per  cent 
wider  than  thick,  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  generally  slightly 
obovoid  with  the  apex  rounded,  or  obcordate;  a  common  form  has 
the  four  sides  rounded,  as  wide  as  long  or  almost  so,  with  the  ends 
abruptly  rounded  so  as  to  appear  almost  truncate,  the  elliptic  form  with 
both  ends  pointed  is  our  rarest  and  smallest  form;  the  surface  on  all 
forms  is  quite  smooth,  except  the  elliptic  forms  which  have  the  angles 
usually  extending  from  the  tip  to  the  base,  on  other  forms  the  nuts  are 
usually  not  prominently  angled  and  on  some  the  angles  are  very  obscure 
except  at  the  apex;  shell  usually  thin,  1-1.5  mm.  thick;  kernel  sweet; 
wood  and  uses  the  same  as  that  of  the  shellbark  hickory. 

Sargent1  has  described  five  varieties  of  this  species,  three  of  which 
he  credits  to  Indiana.  The  writer  has  sent  him  specimens  from  over 
100  trees  of  this  species,  and  he  has  variously  distributed  them  to  the 
type  and  varieties.  Heimlich  has  reported  Sargent's  determination  of 
many  of  these  specimens  in  the  Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Science,  1917:436-439: 
1918.  The  writer  cannot  agree  with  the  determinations  and  believes 
further  field  study  is  necessary  to  discover  characters  by  which  the 
several  forms  can  consistently  be  divided. 

To  stimulate  the  study  of  this  species,  the  original  description  of  the 
varieties  together  with  Sargent's  characterization  of  the  type  are  quoted 
because  they  are  contained  in  a  book  not  usually  found  in  libraries. 
To  these  descriptions  are  added  new  characters  which  Sargent  gives  in 
his  revision  of  the  hickories  in  Bot.  Gaz.  66:245-247:1918. 
Gary  a  ovalis  (type). 

"In  the  shape  of  the  fruit  and  in  the  thickness  of  its  involucre  this 
tree  is  of  four  distinct  forms;  in  all  of  them  the  involucre  splits  freely 
to  the  base,  or  nearly  to  the  base,  the  shell  of  the  nut  is  thin  and  the 
seed,  although  small,  is  sweet  and  edible.  The  extremes  of  these  forms 
are  very  distinct,  but  there  are  forms  which  are  intermediate  between 
them,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  sometimes  to  which  of  the  forms 
these  intermediate  forms  should  be  referred.  The  first  of  these  forms, 
as  the  fruit  agrees  with  Wangenheim's  figure,  must  be  considered  the 
type  of  the  species.  The  fruit  is  oval,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  usually  from  2.5-3  cm.  long  and  about  1.5  cm.  in 
diameter.  The  involucre  is  fr6m  2-2.5  mm.  thick  and  occasionally  one 
of  the  sutures  remains  closed.  The  nut  is  oblong,  slightly  flattened, 
rounded  at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate  and  four-angled  at  the  apex, 
the  ridges  extending  for  one-third  or  rarely  for  one-half  of  its  length, 
from  2-2.5  cm.  long  and  about  1.5  cm.  in  diameter.  The  shell  is  usually 
about  1  mm.  thick."  "The  type  of  this  species  and  its  varieties  have 
glabrous  or  rarely  slightly  pubescent  leaves,  with  usually  7  thin  leaflets." 

iTrees  and  Shrubs  2:208-209:1913  and  Bot.  Gaz.  66:247:1918. 


75 

7a.  Carya  ovalis  variety  obcordata  (Muhlenberg)  Sargent. 
"The  fruit  varies  from  subglobose  to  short-oblong  or  to  slightly  obo- 
vate,  showing  a  tendency  to  pass  into  that  of  the  other  varieties  of 
the  species.  It  varies  from  2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  and  the  involucre, 
which  is  from  2-5  mm.  thick,  splits  freely  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the 
base  by  narrowly  winged  sutures,  one  of  them  rarely  extending  only 
to  the  middle  of  the  fruit.  The  nut  is  usually  much  compressed,  often 
broadest  above  the  middle,  slightly  angled  sometimes  to  below  the 
middle,  rounded  at  the  base  and  much  compressed,  often  broadest 
above  the  middle,  slightly  angled  sometimes  to  below  the  middle, 
rounded  at  the  base  and  rounded  and  often  more  or  less  obcordate  at 
the  apex." 

7b.  Carya  ovalis  variety  odorata  (Marshall)  Sargent.  "The 
name  may  have  been  given  by  Marshall  to  this  variety  on  account 
of  the  strong  resinous  odor  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  fresh  involucre 
of  the  fruit,  which  I  have  not  noticed  in  that  of  the  other  forms.  The 
fruit  is  subglobose  01  sometimes  slightly  longer  than  broad,  flattened 
and  usually  from  1.3-1.5  cm.  in  diameter.  The  involucre  varies  from 
1-1.5  mm.  in  thickness  and  splits  freely  to  the  base  by  distinctly  winged 
sutures.  The  nut  is  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base  with  a  short  point, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  ridged,  pale  colored, 
from  1.2-1.5  cm.  long  and  wide  and  from  1-1.2  cm.  thick." 

7c.  Carya  ovalis  variety  obovalis  Sargent.  "In  the  fourth  form 
the  fruit  is  more  or  less  obovate,  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  2  cm.  in 
diameter,  and  the  involucre  varies  from  2-4  mm.  in  thickness.  The 
nut  is  much  compressed,  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded 
at  the  base,  usually  about  2  cm.  long,  nearly  as  broad  and  about  1.5 
cm.  thick."  "The  fruit  resembles  in  shape  that  of  Carya  glabra,  but  the 
involucre  is  thicker  and  splits  easily  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the  base." 

7d.  Carya  ovalis  variety  obcordata,  f.  vestita  Sargent.  Bot. 
Gaz.  66:246:1918.  This  is  a  form  described  from  a  specimen  collected 
by  the  author  on  the  border  of  Dan's  Pond  in  Knox  County.  It  differs 
from  "the  variety  obcordata  in  the  thick  tomentose  covering  of  the 
branchlets  during  their  first  year.  The  leaves  of  this  form  are  slightly 
pubescent  in  the  autumn  on  the  under  surface  of  the  midribs.  Although 
the  nuts  are  more  compressed  than  those  of  the  ordinary  forms  of  var. 
obcordata,  the  fruit  is  of  that  variety.  The  branchlets  are  unusually 
stout  for  a  form  of  Carya  ovalis  and  are  covered  with  rusty  tomentum 
duiing  their  first  year  and  are  more  or  less  pubescent  in  their  second 
and  third  seasons." 

Distribution. — Western  New  York  west  to  Illinois  and  south  to 
North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Arkansas  and  Mis- 


76 

souri.  The  species  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  although  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  varieties  has  not  been  worked  out.  The  habitat  of 
this  species  is  high  ground,  and  only  rarely  is  it  found  in  low  ground. 
It  prefers  hills,  slopes,  base  of  the  terraces  of  streams,  and  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  gravelly  ridges  and  sandy  soil.  In  all  of  its 
range  it  is  usually  associated  with  white  and  black  oak.  It  is  in- 
frequent in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  but  north  of  the  Wabash 
River  it  becomes  more  frequent  and  in  some  places  it  becomes  common 
to  very  common.  It  is  a  common  tree  in  Wells  County  north  of  the 
Wabash  River  and  in  the  northern  part  of  Lagrange  County,  and  in 
both  places  a  wide  range  of  forms  occur,  some  of  which  are  not  covered 
by  the  preceding  description.  No  one  of  our  trees  offers  a  better  op- 
portunity for  intensive  study  than  this  hickory. 

Remarks. — Text  books  call  this  species  the  small-fruited  hickory. 
It  is  not  commonly  distinguished  from  the  other  hickories,  but  in 
Wells  County  where  it  is  common  the  boys  call  it  "Ladies'  Hickory." 

8.  Carya  Buckleyi  variety  arkansana  Sargent.1  Plate  29. 
Medium  sized  trees,  bark  tight,  dark,  deeply  furrowed;  mature  twigs 
more  or  less  pubescent,  reddish  brown;  terminal  buds  ovoid,  about 
8  mm.  long,  thickly  covered  with  yellow  scales,  and  more  or  less 
pubescent;  leaves  2-3.5  dm.  long,  rachis  permanently  pubescent; 
leaflets  5-7,  prevailing  number  7,  lanceolate,  terminal  one  about  15  cm. 
long,  tawny  pubescent  on  unfolding,  more  or  less  glabrous  at  maturity ; 
fruit  ellipsoid  to  slightly  obovoid,  very  aromatic,  about  3.5-4  cm.  long, 
covered  with  yellow  scales;  husk  usually  splitting  to  below  the  middle, 
3-4  mm.  thick;  nut  oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  3-3.5  cm.  long,  scarcely 
compressed,  rounded  at  each  end,  the  four  ridges  faint  except  at  the 
apex;  shell  thick,  about  2  mm.  at  the  thinnest  point;  kernel  sweet; 
wood  same  as  the  white  hickory  which  it  most  closely  resembles. 

Distribution. — Southwestern  Indiana,  south  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  one  tree 
in  Knox  County  on  the  sand  ridge  on  the  east  side  of  what  was  formerly 
a  cypress  swamp,  about  two  miles  north  of  Decker.  The  soil  is  the 
Knox  sand.  It  is  associated  with  black  and  black  jack  oaks. 

Remarks. — The  description  has  been  drawn  from  ample  material 
from  this  single  tree. 


iBot.  Gaz.  66:249:1918. 


77 
PLATE  29. 


CARYA  BUCKLE YI  var.  ARKANSAXA  Sargent,     (x  y2.) 


78 

BETULACEAE.     THE  BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple,  petioled,  alternate  (in  pairs  on  the 
older  branches  of  Betula)  leaves;  staminate  flowers  in  long  drooping 
catkins,  1-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  pistillate  in  short  lateral 
or  terminal  aments;  fruit  a  nut  or  samara. 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a 

calyx,  pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx;  nut  wingless. 
Bark  of  tree  smooth;  staminate  aments  in  winter  enclosed  in 
bud  scales;  nut  exposed,  its  subtending  bract  more  or 

less  irregularly  3-cleft 1  Carpinus. 

Bark  of  older  trees  shreddy;  staminate  aments  in  winter 

naked;  nut  enclosed  in  a  bladder-like  bract 2  Ostrya. 

Staminate  flowers  3-6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  calyx, 

pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx;  nut  winged. 
Winter  buds  sessile;  stamens  2;  fruit  membranous  and  hop- 
like;  fruiting  bract  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  season 

when  the  nut   escapes ; .  .  . .  . .'  ,3  Betula 

Winter  buds  stalked;  stamens  4;  fruit  woody  and  cone-like; 

fruiting  bracts  woody  and  persisting  after  the  nuts  escape,  4  Alnus. 

1.  CARPINUS.     THE  HORNBEAM. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walter.  WATER  BEECH.  BLUE  BEECH. 
Plate  30.  A  small  tree  up  to  3  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  1-1.5  dm.  in 
diameter  with  fluted  or  ridged  trunks;  bark  smooth,  close,  gray;  twigs 
hairy  at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  average 
leaves  6-10  cm.  long,  pointed  at  the  apex,  double-serrate,  hairy  when 
young,  glabrous  at  maturity  except  on  the  veins  and  in  the  axils  beneath, 
pubescent,  not  glandular,  staminate  catkins  appearing  in  early  spring; 
nut  at  the  base  of  a  3-cleft  bract  about  2  cm.  long,  nut  broadly  ovate, 
compressed,  pointed  and  about  5  mm.  long;  wood  heavy,  hard,  tough 
and  strong. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  west  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  frequent  to  common  throughout  the  State 
in  moist  rich  woods.  It  prefers  a  moist  rich  soil;  however,  it  has  a  range 
from  the  tamarack  bog  to  the  dry  black  and  white  oak  slope.  It  is 
tolerant  of  shade  and  is  seldom  found  outside  of  the  forest. 

Remarks. — This  tree  is  too  small  and  crooked  to  be  of  economic  im- 
portance. It  is  regarded  as  a  weed  tree  in  the  woodland,  and  should  be 
removed  to  give  place  to  more  valuable  species. 


79 

PLATE  30. 


CARPINUS  CAROLINIANA  Walter.     WATER  or  BLUE  BEECH,     (x  J^.) 


80 

2.     6STRYA.     THE  HOP  HORNBEAM. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Miller)  Willdenow.  IRONWOOD.  Plate  31. 
Small  trees  up  to  5  dm.1  in  diameter,  usually  about  1-2  dm.  in  diameter; 
bark  smooth  and  light  brown  on  small  trees,  shreddy  on  older  trees; 
shoots  hairy,  becoming  at  the  end  of  the  season  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
and  a  reddish-brown;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  other  forms  rare,  average 
size  about  7-12  cm.  long,  acuminate,  usually  double-serrate,  hairy  on 
both  surfaces  when  they  unfold,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above  at  maturity, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins; 
staminate  spikes  develop  in  early  winter;  fruit  hop-like  about  2-4  cm. 
long;  nut  oblong-ovate  about  7  mm.  long  and  half  as  wide,  compressed, 
light  brown;  wood  very  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  strong,  light  brown. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  west  to  Manitoba,  south  to  the  Gulf 
States  and  west  to  Texas.  It  is  frequent  to  common  in  all  of  the 
counties  of  the  State.  However,  it  is  entirely  absent  in  the  lower 
Wabash  bottoms,  except  rarely  on  high  grounds  in  this  area.  It 
prefers  well  drained  dry  soil,  and  is  most  frequent  when  it  is  associated 
with  beech  and  sugar  maple,  although  it  is  often  quite  plentiful  in  white 
oak  woods.  It  is  shade  enduring  and  is  one  of  the  under  trees  in  the 
forest  where  it  grows  very  tall  and  slender  and  free  from  branches. 
When  it  grows  in  exposed  places  such  as  bluffs,  it  retains  its  side 
branches  and  is  usually  bushy. 

Remarks. — The  trees  are  too  small  to  be  of  much  economic  impor- 
tance. It  is  30  per  cent  stronger  than  white  oak,  and  46  per  cent  more 
elastic.  These  exceptional  qualities  were  recognized  by  the  Indians  and 
it  was  used  by  them  where  wood  of  great  strength  and  hardness  was 
desired.  Likewise  the  pioneer  used  it  where  he  could  for  handles, 
wooden  wedges,  etc.  Since  it  grows  neither  large  nor  fast,  it  is  usually 
regarded  as  a  weed  tree  in  the  woodland,  and  should  be  removed  to  give 
place  to  more  valuable  species. 

Ostrya  virginiana  variety  glandulosa  Spach.  This  is  the  name 
given  to  the  form  which  has  the  twigs,  petioles,  peduncles  and  often 
the  midrib  and  veins  of  the  leaves  beneath  covered  more  or  less  with 
short  erect,  reddish,  glandular  hairs. 

It  is  found  with  the  species,  but  is  not  so  frequent. 

3.  BETULA.     THE  BIRCHES. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  bark  tight,  scaly  or  separating  into  very  thin 
plates  and  peeling  off  transversely,  whitish  or  dark  colored;  staminate 
catkins  developing  in  autumn  and  dehiscing  in  early  spring  before  or 

iln  1916  in  Allen  County  along  Cedar  Creek,  I  measured  a  specimen  that  was   15.6 
dm.  in  circ.  b.h.  with  a  clear  bole  of  about  3m. 


OSTRYA  VIRGINIANA    (Miller)    K.    Koch.     IRONWOOD.     (x 


82 

with  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  pistillate  catkins  ovoid  or  cylindric; 
fruit  a  small  winged  flat  seed,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  two  persistent 
stigmas. 

Bark  of  twigs  usually  with  a  slight  wintergreen  flavor;  leaves 
with  7-15,  usually  9-11  pairs  of  prominent  veins;  rounded 
or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base;  fertile  catkins  generally 

10  mm.  or  more  in  diameter IB.  lutea. 

Bark  of  twigs  usually  bitter,  not  wintergreen  flavored;  leaves 
with  4-11,  usually  4-9  pairs  of  prominent  veins,  more  or 
less  obtusely  angled  at  the  base;  fertile  catkins  generally 
less  than  10  mm.  in  diameter  (rarely  10  mm.  or  more, 
B.  nigra). 
Bark   of   trunk   chalky-white;   fruiting  aments  drooping  or 

spreading. 

Bark  below  base  of  lateral  branches  darkened-triangular  in 
outline;   leaves   long  acuminate   and  lustrous   above; 

staminate  catkins  usually    solitary 2  B.  populifolia. 

Bark  below  base  of  lateral  branches  not  darkened;  leaves 
ovate  and  not  lustrous  above;  staminate  catkins  usually 

2-3 3  B.  papyrifera. 

Bark  of  trunks  dark;  fruiting  aments  erect  or  nearly  so 4  B.  nigra. 

1.  Betula  lutea  Michaux  filius.  BIRCH.  YELLOW  BIRCH.  Plate 
32.  Medium  size  trees;  bark  of  small  trees  and  of  the  branches  of  old 
trees  smooth,  silver  or  dark  gray,  freely  peeling  off  in  thin  strips,  be- 
coming on  older  trees  a  dark  brown,  rarely  tight,  usually  fissured  into 
wide  plates  and  rolling  back  from  one  edge;  the  shoots  of  the  year  hairy, 
greenish  gray,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  red  dish-brown  by  the 
end  of  the  second  year,  not  aromatic  when  bruised  but  when  chewed 
sometimes  a  faint  wintergreen  odor  can  be  detected;  winter  buds 
pointed,  reddish-brown,  the  lower  scales  more  or  less  pubescent,  gener- 
ally with  a  fringe  of  hairs  on  the  margins;  leaves  usually  appearing  in 
pairs,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  4-14  cm.  long,  taper-pointed,  oblique 
and  wedge-shape,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply 
and  rather  coarsely  serrate,  hairy  on  both  sides  when  they  appear, 
becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  and  remaining 
more  or  less  pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  veins,  both  surfaces 
with  few  to  numerous  resinous  dots;  petioles  permanently  hairy, 
generally  5-13  mm.  long;  flowers  appear  in  May;  staminate  spikes  in 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  6  cm.  long,  scales  broadly 
ovate,  blunt,  fringed  with  hairs,  green-tipped  with  a  margin  of  reddish- 
brown;  pistillate  spikes  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  mature  spikes 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  generally  2.5-3  cm.  long,  commonly  about  half  as  thick  as 
long,  recurved  to  ascending,  commonly  about  horizontal,  sessile  or  on 
short  stalks;  scales  very  variable,  5-11  mm.  long,  generally  7-8  mm.  long, 
sometimes  as  wide  as  long  but  generally  about  one-fourth  longer  than 


BETULA  LUTEA  Miehaux  filius.     YELLOW  BIRCH,     (x  Y2.) 


84 

wide,  densely  pubescent  on  the  back,  or  rarely  glabrous  on  the  back, 
ciliate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  the  inside,  commonly  with  a  few  brown 
or  black  glands  on  the  margin,  commonly  lobed  to  more  than  one- 
third  of  their  length,  lobes  ascending  or  divaricate,  the  lateral  generally 
the  larger  and  almost  as  long  as  the  narrower  middle  lobe;  nuts  divested 
of  the  wings,  slightly  obovate,  about  3  mm.  long,  wings  about  two-thirds 
as  wide  as  the  nut  and  usually  with  a  fringe  of  hairs  at  the  blunt  apex. 

Distribution. — The  distribution  of  this  species  is  variously  given 
as  from  Newfoundland  west  to  Manitoba  and  south  in  the  Alleghenies 
to  Georgia.  It  is  now  definitely  known  that  the  species  of  Betula 
hybridize  which  may  account  for  the  peculiar  forms  often  encountered. 
That  there  are  geographic  races  or  Mendelian  segregates  of  this  species 
is  evidenced  by  the  different  interpretations  given  this  species  by  dif- 
ferent authors.  Betula  alleghanensis  Britton  appears  to  be  one  of  them. 
The  descriptive  difference  between  Betula  lenta  and  Betula  lutea  is  not 
clear,  which  has  resulted  in  many  authors  crediting  Betula  lenta  to 
Indiana  and  the  area  west  of  Indiana. 

The  preceding  description  does  not  agree  with  that  of  Betula  tul<  a 
exactly,  and  has  been  drawn  to  cover  the  specimens  at  hand  from  In- 
diana which  the  author  has  from  Allen,  Crawford,  Lagrange,  Lake, 
Marshall,  Porter  and  Steuben  Counties.  It  has  recently  been  reported 
from  White  County  byHeimlich.1  He  sa/ys:  "Specimens  were  taken 
from  two  trees  about  two  miles  south  of  Buffalo  near  the  water's  edge 
of  the  river."  The  writer  has  visited  this  locality  and  found  here,  and 
also  on  the  island  above  the  bridge  a  little  farther  down  the  river, 
Betula  nigra,  but  could  not  find  Betula  lutea.  Since  Heimlich  did  not 
report  Betula  nigra,  which  unmistakably  occurs  here,  I  assume  he  has 
confused  the  two  species.  It  is  very  local  in  its  distribution,  and  appears 
to  be  confined  to  swamps,  borders  of  lakes,  and  streams  in  the 
extreme  northern  part  of  the  State.  It  has  not  been  seen  south  of  the 
northern  end  of  the  State,  except  a  few  small  trees  found  clinging 
to  the  walls  of  the  cliffs  of  a  ravine  about  one  mile  east  of  Taswell 
in  Crawford  County.  The  walls  of  this  ravine  are  about  25  meters 
high;  associated  with  it  were  a  few  trees  of  hemlock,-  and  on  the  top 
of  the  cliffs,  laurel  ( Kalmia  latifolia) . 

Large  trees  of  this  species  in  Indiana  are  usually  from  4-6  dm.  in 
diameter  and  about  15  m.  high.  The  number  in  any  one  station  is 
usually  few,  although  there  were  formerly  patches  where  it  was  plentiful. 
Van  Gorder2  reports  for  Noble  County  Betula  lenta  which  should  be 
transferred  to  this  species,  and  he  says:  "There  is  a  marsh  of  several 
acres  of  birch  in  Section  15  of  York  Township."  The  largest  area  now 

iProc.  Ind.  Acad.   Sci.   1917:443:1918. 
2Ind.  Geol.  Kept.  18:61:1894. 


85 

known  is  that  contained  in  the  large  tamarack  swamp  near  Mineral 
Springs  in  Porter  County.  In  this  swamp  are  found  tamarack  and 
white  cedar.  It  was  in  this  swamp  that  the  writer  found  a  peculiar 
form  of  birch  which  has  been  determined  as  Betula  Sandbergi.  Since 
this  species1  is  recognized  as  a  hybrid  of  Betula  papyrifera  and  Betula 
pumila  variety  glandulifera,  and  the  last  parent  of  this  hybrid  is  not 
found  in  the  vicinity,  a  discussion  of  this  form  is  not  presented.  In 
the  immediate  vicinity  are  found  only  Betula  lutea  and  Betula  pumila. 
Betula  papyrifera  is  found  about  a  mile  distant  to  the  south.  It  is 
assumed  that  this  form  is  a  cross  between  Betula  lutea  and  Betula  pumila. 

2.  Betula  populifolia  Marshall.     GRAY  OR  WHITE  Bmch.     Plate 

33.  A  small  tree;  bark  a  chalky  white,  not  separating  into  thin  layers, 
inner  bark  orange,  on  the  trunks  of  old  trees  nearly  black;  shoots  at 
first  covered  with  numerous  glands,  becoming  smooth  and  yellowish 
or  reddish-brown;  leaves  generally  long-deltoid,  average  blades  3-6  cm. 
long,  usually  long  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  base, 
irregularly  double-serrate,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  veins  when  young, 
soon  becoming  glabrous;  fertile  catkins  1.5-3  cm.  long  and  about  7 
mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  of  eastern  trees  differ  from  those  of  Indiana 
trees  which  are  about  3-4  mm.  long,  lobed  to  about  1/3  of  the  distance 
from  the  apex,  lateral  lobes  the  largest  and  strongly  divaricate,  puber- 
ulent  on  the  back;  seed  strongly  notched  at  the  apex;  nut  slightly  obo- 
void;  wings  much  broader  than  the  nut. 

Distribution.- — Nova  Scotia  west  to  southern  Ontario  and  south  to 
Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  In  Indiana  it  has  been  reported  from 
Lake,  Laporte,  Porter,  St.  Joseph  and  Tippecanoe  Counties.  Theie 
may  be  some  doubt  about  the  Tippecanoe  record,  since  many  of  the 
older  records  were  made  from  cultivated  trees.  The  numbers  of  the 
species  in  Indiana  were  always  limited.  It  is  not  able  to  meet  changed 
conditions  and  it  has  already  almost  disappeared  from  our  area.  I 
was  told  that  formerly  this  species  was  found  all  about  a  lake  in  Laporte 
County,  but  it  has  all  died  out.  Its  appearance  in  Indiana  is  peculiar 
since  it  is  not  found  west  of  us,  or  north  in  Michigan  or  east  in  Ohio. 
This  small  group  of  trees  near  Lake  Michigan  is  three  or  four  hundred 
miles  from  the  nearest  of  their  kind. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  called  white  and  gray  birch.  The 
largest  tree  seen  in  Indiana  was  about  2  dm.  in  diameter  and  13  m.  high. 

3.  Betula  papyrifera  Marshall.      PAPER  OR  CANOE  BIRCH.      Plate 

34.  Rather  a  small  tree ;  bark  thin,  creamy  white ;  chalky,  dark  near  the 
base  on  old  trees,  separating  in  thin  papery  layers;  shoots  green,  glandu- 
lar and  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  and  reddish-brown;  leaves  ovate  or 
rhombic-ovate,    acute  to    long  taper-pointed,   truncate,   rounded   or 

iMinnesota  Bot.   Studies  4:454:1916. 


8C 
PLATE  33. 


BETULA  POPULIFOLIA   Marshall.     WHITE   or  GRAY  BIRCH,     (x 


87 

PLATE  34. 


BETULA    PAPYRIFERA  Marshall.     PAPER   or  CANOE  BIRCH,     (x 


88 

wedge-shape  at  the  base,  average  blades  5-8  cm.  long,  usually  irregular- 
ly double-serrate,  hairy  at  first,  becoming  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so, 
remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  veins  and 
with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  minutely  glandular  on  both 
surfaces,  sometimes  with  only  a  few  glands  on  the  midribs  above; 
fertile  catkins  2-4  cm.  long  and  about  6-9  mm.  wide,  bracts  about  4  mm. 
long,  pubescent  on  both  faces,  lobed  to  about  one-third  the  distance 
from  the  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  the  largest,  divaricate  or  slightly  re- 
curved; seed  deeply  notched  at  apex,  nut  oval,  pubescent  at  the  apex, 
wings  as  broad  as,  or  broader  than  the  nut. 

Distribution.- — Alaska  to  Labrador,  south  to  New  York,  northern 
Indiana,  Colorado  and  Washington.  In  Indiana  it  has  been  reported 
from  Lake,  Laporte,  Marshall  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  It  has  not 
been  found  as  a  native  in  Ohio.  This  species  is  another  example  of  a 
northern  form  finding  its  southern  limit  near  Lake  Michigan. 

Remarks. — This  species  in  other  parts  of  the  country  is  known  as 
white,  paper  and  canoe  birch.  I  have  not  seen  specimens  more  than 
2  dm.  in  diameter  in  Indiana. 

4.  Betula  nigra  Linnaeus.  BLACK  OR  RED  BIRCH.  Plate  35.  A 
medium  sized  tree;  bark  on  young  trees  peeling  off  transversely  in  thin 
reddish-brown  strips  which  roll  back  and  usually  persist  for  several 
years,  bark  of  older  trees  dark  brown,  furrowed  and  separating  into  short 
plates  or  peeling  off  in  strips;  young  twigs  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  and 
reddish  at  the  end  of  the  season;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  short  and 
broadly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  blades  of  ordinary  leaves  4-8  cm.  long, 
irregularly  toothed,  glabrous  above  and  pubescent  beneath,  rarely 
entirely  glabrous;  fertile  catkins  generally  2-3  cm.  long,  and  usually 
slightly  less  than  1  cm.  wide;  bracts  6-10  mm.  long,  pubescent,  ciliate, 
lobed  to  near  the  middle,  the  lobes  about  equal;  nuts  broadly  ovate, 
broader  than  its  wings,  pubescent  at  the  apex;  wood  light,  strong, 
close-grained,  heart  wood  light  brown. 

Distribution. — Massachusetts  west  to  Minnesota  and  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  found  more  or  less  frequent  in  the 
counties  bordering  the  Kankakee  River,  and  as  far  east  as  St.  Joseph, 
Marshall  and  Miami  Counties.  Along  the  Kankakee  River  it  is  fre- 
quently a  tree  of  6-8  dm.  in  diameter.  This  species  has  not  been  found 
in  Michigan,  northeastern  Indiana  or  northern  Ohio.  It  has  never  been 
noted  near  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  nearest  point  is  Cedar  Lake  in  Lake 
County  about  20  miles  south  of  the  Lake.  It  is  more  or  less  frequent 
along  certain  streams  throughout  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 
It  is  found  as  far  north  as  Putnam  and  Marion  Counties  and  eastward 
as  far  as  Bartholomew,  Scott  and  Clark  Counties.  There  aie  no 
records  for  this  species  for  eastern  Indiana  or  western  Ohio.  About 


BETULA  NIGRA  Linnaeus.     BLACK  OR  RED  BIRCH,     (x 


90 

Hovey  Lake  in  Posey  County  it  reaches  its  greatest  size,  where  trees 
up  to  8  dm.  in  diameter  and  30  m.  high  are  to  be  found.  In  the  "flats" 
in  certain  parts  of  Jackson  and  Scott  Counties  it  becomes  a  common 
tree,  associated  with  pin  oak  and  sweet  gum. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  most  abundant  birch  of  Indiana.  In  fact  all 
other  species  are  too  rare  to  be  of  economic  importance.  The  fact  that 
other  species  of  birch  are  so  rare  in  Indiana,  is  the  reason  that  this 
species  is  simply  called  "Birch."  Outside  of  Indiana  it  is  known  as  red 
birch  and  river  birch.  The  principal  use  of  this  wood  in  this  State  is 
for  heading. 

All  of  the  birches,  especially  the  horticultural  forms,  are  used  more 
or  less  for  ornamental  planting.  They  are  beautiful  trees  but  are 
short  lived. 

4.     ALNUS.     THE  ALDERS. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  bark  astringent;  staminate  and  pistillate  catkins 
begin  to  develop  early  in  summer  and  flower  the  following  year  early  in 
the  spring  before  the  leaves  appear;  bracts  of  the  fertile  catkins  thick 
and  woody,  obdeltoid  with  3-rounded  lobes  at  the  apex;  nuts  obovate, 
reddish-brown. 

Leaves  sharply  double-serrate,  the  ends  of  the  primary  veins 

forming  the  apex  of  the  larger  teeth,  glaucous  beneath; 

nuts  with  a  narrow  thick  margin 1  A.  incana. 

Leaves   single -serrate,  pale  beneath;  nuts  without  margins.  .  .   2  A.  rugosa. 

1.  Alnus  incana  (Linnaeus)  Muenchhausen.  SPECKLED  ALDER. 
Plate  36.  Shrubs  or  small  trees;  bark  generally  smooth  and  a  red- 
dish-brown with  a  tinge  of  gray,  with  grayish  dots,  hence  its  name; 
twigs  hairy  at  first,  becoming  smooth  by  the  end  of  the  season  and  a 
golden  or  reddish-brown  with  many  fine  dark  specks;  leaves  broadly- 
oval,  acute  or  short-pointed  at  apex,  usually  broadly  rounded  at  the 
base,  average  blades  6.5-11  cm.  long,  glaucous  beneath,  hairy  on 
both  sides  on  unfolding,  at  maturity  becoming  glabrous  above  or 
with  a  few  hairs  on  the  veins,  beneath  remaining  more  or  less  hairy 
until  late  in  autumn  when  usually  only  the  veins  are  hairy;  pistillate 
catkins  resembling  small  cones,  1-1.5  cm.  long  and  usually  7- 12  mm.  wide, 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  usually  in  clusters  of  2-7. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  to  New 
York,  northeastern  Ohio,  northern  Indiana  and  Nebraska.  In  Indiana 
it  is  confined  to  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  I  have  specimens  from 
Elkhart,  Lagrange,  Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  It  was  reported  from 
Carroll  County  by  Thompson,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  verifying  speci- 
men I  am  inclined  to  think  this  citation  should  be  referred  to  Alnus 


ALNUS    INCANA  (Linnaeus)  Muenehhausen.     SPECKLED  ALDER,   (x 


92 

rugosa.  This  species  grows  in  low  ground  on  the  borders  of 
streams,  borders  of  swamps  and  in  almost  extinct  sloughs  near 
Lake  Michigan.  It  is  also  found  along  Pigeon  River  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Lagrange  County.  In  the  vicinity  of  Mineral  Springs  in  Porter 
County  it  is  locally  a  common  shrub  or  tree.  It  has  the  habit  of  stooling 
out,  and  commonly  the  several  specimens  will  be  deflected  from  a  ver- 
tical from  20-45  degrees.  The  largest  specimens  are  from  1-1.4  dm.  in 
diameter  and  about  10  m.  high. 

Remarks. — This  species  could  be  used  to  good  advantage  in  orna- 
mental planting  in  low  ground.  It  grows  rapidly,  is  easily  transplanted 
and  its  foliage  is  dense  and  attractive. 

2.  Alnus  rugosa  (DuRoi)  Sprengel.  SMOOTH  ALDER.  Plate  37. 
Shrubs  with  fluted  or  angled  trunks,  resembling  Carpinus;  bark  thin, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  reddish-brown,  weathering  gray;  twigs  hairy  at 
first,  becoming  gray  or  reddish-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season  and 
more  or  less  glabrous  and  covered  with  small  dark  specks;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  barely  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  wedge-shape  at  base,  average 
blades  6-10  cm.  long,  hairy  on  both  surfaces  while  young,  becoming 
smooth  or  nearly  so  above,  remaining  more  or  less  hairy  beneath,  es- 
pecially on  the  veins,  under  surface  of  leaves  sufficiently  glutinous 
to  adhere  to  paper  if  pressure  be  applied,  margins  set  with  short  callous 
teeth,  about  .5-1  mm.  long;  fertile  catkins  cone-shape,  10-20  mm.  long 
and  about  7  mm.  in  diameter,  borne  at  the  ends  of  branches  in  clusters 
of  2-5. 

Distribution. — Maine  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
In  Indiana  it  is  quite  local.  It  has  been  reported  in  many  of  the 
counties  of  northern  Indiana  north  of  the  Wabash  River.  It  has  been 
found  in  several  of  the  southern  counties  and  as  far  north  as  Salt  Creek 
in  Monroe  County.  No  reports  for  the  central  part  of  the  State.  It 
is  absent  also  in  all  of  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State,  and  the  western 
part  of  Ohio.  It  is  found  growing  in  clumps  in  wet  woods,  swamps, 
cold  bogs  and  along  streams.  It  is  usually  a  tall  slender  shrub;  however, 
a  specimen  has  been  seen  that  measured  7  cm.  in  diameter  and  5  m. 
in  height. 

Remarks. — Of  no  value  except  for  ornamental  planting  in  wet 
ground. 

FAGACEAE.     THE  BEECH  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaves;  flowers  of  two  kinds; 
fruit  a  one-seeded  nut.  This  is  the  most  important  family  of  trees 
occurring  in  the  State. 


ALNUS     RUGOSA     (Du  Roi)    Sprengel.     SMOOTH    ALDER,     (x 


94 

Winter  buds  long  and  slender,  at  least  4  times  as  long  as  wide; 
staminate  flowers  in  globose  heads  on  drooping  peduncles; 

nuts  sharply  3-angled 1  Fagus. 

Winter  buds  not  long  and  slender  and  less  than  4  times  as 
long  as  wide;  staminate  flowers  in  slender  catkins;  nuts 
not  as  above. 
Staminate  catkins  erect  or  spreading;  nut  flattened  on  one 

side  and  enclosed  in  a  spiny,  woody  husk 2  Castanea. 

Staminate  catkins  drooping;  nuts  not  flattened  on  one  side, 

seated  in  a  scaly,  woody  cup 3  Quercus. 

1.     FAGUS.     THE  BEECH. 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrhart.  BEECH.  Plate  38.  Large  tall  trees 
with  bark  from  light  to  dark  gray;  twigs  densely  covered  at  first  with 
long  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  turning  to  a  reddish-brown; 
terminal  winter  buds  about  2  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong, 
long  taper-pointed  to  merely  acute,  wedge-shape  to  cordate  at  base, 
regularly  and  usually  minutely  serrate,  average  blades  7-12  cm.  long, 
silky  when  young,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  above  and  nearly 
so  beneath  except  on  the  veins;  flowers  appear  in  May;  fruit  a  bur, 
supported  on  a  club-shaped  pubescent  penduncle  about  1.5  cm.  long, 
covered  with  short  recurved  prickles,  densely  rufous-pubescent,  its  4- 
valves  enclosing  the  two  triangular  brown  nuts;  nuts  edible ;  wood  very 
hard,  strong,  usually  tough,  difficult  to  season,  close-grained,  takes  a 
high  polish,  sap  wood  white,  heart  wood  reddish. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia,  southern  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south 
to  the  Gulf  States  and  Texas.  It  is  found  in  every  county  of  the  State, 
although  it  is  local  in  the  prairie  and  dry  sandy  regions  of  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State.  It  is  a  frequent  to  a  very  common  tree  on  the 
high  ground  in  many  parts  of  the  State.  If  the  high  ground  and  hills 
of  the  State  are  not  forested  with  white  and  black  oak,  beech  is  almost 
certain  to  be  the  prevailing  species.  Wherever  beech  is  found  it  is 
usually  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree,  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see 
areas  which  are  almost  a  pure  stand  of  this  species.  It  is  also  a  fre- 
quent to  a  common  tree  in  southern  Indiana  in  what  is  called  the 
"flats."  Here  it  is  associated  with  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak.  On  the 
slopes  of  hills  of  the  southern  counties  it  is  associated  with  a  great 
variety  of  trees.  In  the  central  part  of  the  State  its  most  frequent 
associate  is  the  sugar  maple.  In  the  northern  counties  it  has  a  wider 
range  of  associates,  including  white  oak,  ash,  slippery  elm,  buckeye, 
ironwood,  etc.  It  should  be  added  that  tulip  is  a  constant  associate 
except  in  the  "flats."  In  point  of  number  it  ranks  as  first  of  Indiana 
trees. 


FAGUS  GRANDIFOLIA  Ehrhart.     BEECH,     (x 


96 

Remarks. — Specimens  with  the  habit  of  retaining  their  branches 
which  lop  downward,  usually  have  thicker  sap  wood  and  are  harder  to 
split.  This  form  is  popularly  styled  the  white  beech.  The  form  with 
smooth  tall  trunks  with  upright  branches  usually  has  more  heart  wood, 
splits  more  easily  and  is  popularly  distinguished  as  red  beech.  The  term 
yellow  beech  is  variously  applied.  This  species  is  a  large  tree  in  all 
parts  of  the  State,  although  the  largest  specimens  are  found  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  State.  In  the  virgin  forests  trees  almost  1 
m.  in  diameter  and  30  m.  high  were  frequent. 

Beech  was  formerly  used  only  for  fuel,  but  in  the  last  few  decades 
it  has  been  cut  and  used  for  many  purposes,  and  the  supply  is  fast 
diminishing.  The  beauty  of  this  tree  both  in  summer  and  winter, 
sunshine  or  storm  makes  it  one  of  the  most  desirable  for  shade  tree 
planting,  but  I  have  failed  to  find  where  it  has  been  successfully  used. 
It  is  one  of  the  few  trees  that  does  not  take  to  domestication.  When 
the  original  forest  is  reduced  to  a  remnant  of  beech,  as  a  rule,  the 
remaining  beech  will  soon  begin  to  die  at  the  top.  It  is  difficult  to 
transplant.  When  planted  the  hole  should  be  filled  with  earth  ob- 
tained from  under  a  living  tree,  in  order  to  introduce  the  mycorrhiza 
that  is  necessary  to  the  growth  of  the  tree. 

2.     CASTANEA.     THE  CHESTNUT. 

Castanea  dentata  (Marshall)  Borkhausen.  CHESTNUT.  Plate  39. 
Large  trees  with  deeply  fissured  bark,  smooth  on  young  trees;  young 
twigs  more  or  less  hairy,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  a  reddish-brown; 
leaves  lanceolate,  average  blades -13-22  cm.  long,  taper-pointed,  wedge- 
shape  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  teeth  usually  incurved, 
at  maturity  glabrous  on  both  sides;  flowers  appear  after  the  leaves  in 
the  latter  part  of  June  or  early  in  July,  the  staminate  catkins  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year's  growth,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  pistillate 
flowers  in  heads  on  short  stalks  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  usually  on 
the  branch  beyond  the  greater  part  of  the  staminate  catkins;  fruit 
a  globular  spiny  bur  5-7  cm.  in  diameter  which  contains  the  nuts; 
nuts  usually  1-3,  rarely  5,  flattened  on  one  side,  edible;  wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  checks  and  warps  on  seasoning,  yellowish-brown, 
durable  in  contact  with  the  ground. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario,  Michigan,  south  to  Dela- 
ware and  in  the  mountains  to  Alabama,  and  west  to  Arkansas.  In 
Indiana  it  is  found  locally  in  the  south  central  counties.  The  most 
northern  station  where  I  have  seen  trees  that  are  native  to  a  certainty 
is  in  Morgan  County  a  short  distance  north  of  Martinsville.  There 
are  a  few  trees  on  the  south  bank  of  White  River  in  Mound  Park  about 


CASTANEA  DENTATA     (Marshall)    Borkhausen.     CHESTNUT,     (x  Y2.) 


98 

2  miles  east  of  Anderson.  This  site  was  formerly  an  Indian  village,  and 
the  trees  may  have  been  introduced  here.  The  late  A.  C.  Benedict 
formerly  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  told  me  he  saw  a  colony  in 
1878  in  Fayette  County  on  the  farm  of  Dr.  B.  Ball,  about  3  miles  west 
of  Connersville  on  the  east  side  of  Little  Williams  Creek.  The  trees 
were  at  least  6  dm.  in  diameter.  The  western  line  of  distribution  would 
be  a  line  drawn  from  Martinsville  to  a  point  a  few  miles  west  of  Shoals 
and  south  to  Tell  City. 

Remarks. — The  greatest  numbers  of  this  species  are  found  on  the 
outcrops  of  the  knobstone  in  Clark,  Floyd,  Harrison,  Jackson,  Lawrence, 
Martin,  Orange  and  Washington  Counties.  It  grows  on  high  ground, 
associated  with  white  and  black  oak,  beech,  etc.  The  species  in  all  of 
our  area  grows  to  be  a  large  tree.  In  the  Ind.  Geol.  Kept.  1874:70:1875 
there  is  a  reference  to  a  "stump  in  Jackson  County  that  was  9  ft.  and 
2  in.  in  diameter."  This  species  is  rather  gregarious  in  habit,  and 
rarely  are  isolated  trees  found.  It  is  quite  local  in  its  distribution, 
but  where  found  it  is  usually  a  common  tree.  The  bark  was  much  used 
in  tanning,  and  the  timber  for  poles,  ties  and  posts.  The  demand  for 
this  species  has  led  to  heavy  cutting,  so  that  the  present  supply  is  prac- 
tically limited  to  inferior  or  small  trees.  The  nut  crop  in  this  State 
is  usually  badly  infested  by  the  weevil. 

This  species  is  easily  propagated  by  seed  or  seedlings.  It  is  recom- 
mended for  forest  planting  in  all  parts  of  its  natural  range  and  other 
parts  of  the  State  where  the  soil  is  very  sandy  and  free  from  limestone. 
This  species  never  attains  to  an  old  age  when  growing  close  to  the 
limestone.  It  grows  rapidly  and  requires  little  pruning.  The  only 
objection  to  planting  it  for  forestry  purposes  is  that  it  might  be  in- 
fested by  the  chestnut  bark  disease  which  is  fatal  to  this  tree.  This 
disease  is  far  to  the  east  of  us,  and  there  are  wide  barriers  to  its  western 
migration.  Since  a  chestnut  grove  would  soon  grow  into  post  and 
pole  size,  in  the  event  the  grove  would  be  killed  by  the  bark  disease, 
the  crop  could  be  harvested  and  the  loss  would  be  more  of  the  nature 
of  a  disappointment  than  a  financial  one.  If  planted  in  a  cleared  area 
the  seedlings  should  be  spaced  about  5x5  feet  if  no  cultivation  can 
be  done.  If  the  trees  can  be  cultivated,  plant  7  x  7  or  8  x  8  feet  and 
grow  corn  for  one  or  two  years  between  the  rows. 

3.     QUERCUS.     THE  OAKS. 

The  leaves  of  Indiana  oaks  are  deciduous;  flowers  appear  in  April 
or  May,  very  small,  the  staminate  on  slender  pendulous  catkins,  the 
pistillate  solitary  or  in  clusters  in  scaly  bud-like  cups;  fruit  an  acorn 
which  takes  one  or  two  years  to  mature,  ripening  in  September  or 


99 

October.  The  species  that  mature  their  fruit  the  first  year  are  popu- 
larly and  commercially  classed  as  "white  oaks."  Those  that  mature 
their  fruit  the  second  year  are  classed  as  "red,  black  or  bristle-tipped 
oaks." 

The  oaks  are  the  largest  genus  of  Indiana  trees,  and  commercially 
are  the  most  important  of  all  trees  of  the  State.  They  are  the  longest 
lived  of  all  the  trees  that  occur  in  the  State,  and  while  they  have 
numerous  insect  enemies  none  of  them  prove  fatal  to  it,  except  a  certain 
gall  insect. 

Note: — In  collecting  leaf  specimens  of  oaks  for  identification  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  foliage  is  quite  variable.  The  leaves 
of  seedlings,  coppice  shoots  and  of  vigorous  shoots  of  old  trees  some- 
times vary  considerably  in  size,  form  and  leaf-margins.  Also  leaves  of 
old  trees  that  grow  in  the  shade  usually  have  the  margins  more  nearly 
entire  than  the  typical  leaves.  For  example  leaves  may  be  found  on 
the  lower  and  interior  branches  of  a  pin  oak  which  are  not  lobed  to 
beyond  the  middle,  which  throws  them  into  the  red  oak  group. 

Bark  gray,  (except  in  No.  5)  more  or  less  scaly;  mature  leaves 
never  with  bristle  tips;  fruit  maturing  the  first  year. 

Mature  leaves  smooth  beneath 1  Q.  alba. 

Mature  leaves  pubescent  beneath. 

Primary  veins  beneath  show  regular  pinnate  venation. 

Some  of  the  primary  veins  beneath  end  in  a  sinus 2  Q.  bicolor. 

All  primary  veins  beneath  end  in  teeth  of  the  margin. .  . 

Tips  of  leaves    of  fruiting  branches  sharp-pointed, 

usually  forming  an  acute  angle;  fruit  sessile  or 

nearly  so 3  Q.  Muhlenbergii 

Tips  of  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  rounded  or  if 
sharp-pointed,  it  rarely  forms  an  acute  angle; 
fruit  peduncled. 

Petioles  green  and  woolly  pubescent  beneath 
(rarely  almost  glabrous);  under  surface  of 
leaves  velvety  to  the  touch;  bark  gray,  scaly, 
of  the  white  oak  type;  trees  of  low  ground.  . .  4  Q.  Michauxii. 
Petioles  yellowish  and  smooth  beneath,  or  rarely 
somewhat  pubescent;  under  surface  of  leaves 
leaves  not  velvety  to  the  touch;  bark  dark,  and 
tight,  of  the  red  oak  type;  trees  of  high  ground 
(in  Indiana  confined  to  the  "knobstone" 

area) 5  Q.  Prinus. 

Primary  veins  beneath  show  irregular  venation. 

Last  year's  growth  pubescent;  acorns  generally  less 

than  12  mm.  in  diameter 6  Q.  stellata. 

Last  year's  growth  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  acorns  more 
than  12  mm.  in  diameter. 


100 

Leaves  sinuate  dentate,  sometimes  lobed  near  the 
base,  velvety  to  the  touch  beneath;  peduncles 

of  fruit  longer  than  the  peticles 2  Q.  bicolor. 

Leaves  irregularly  lobed,  harsh  or  rarely  velvety  or 
smooth  to  the  touch  beneath;  peduncles  of  fruit 
shorter  than  the  petioles. 

Cup  of  fruit  fringed;  apex  of  lobes  of  leaves  gener- 
ally rounded;  trees  of  lowland 7  Q.  macrocarpa 

Cup  of  fruit  not  fringed;  apex  of  lobes  of  leaves 
generally  acute;  trees  of  swamps  in  the  ex- 
treme southwestern  counties  of  Indiana 8  Q.  lyrata. 

Bark  dark,  tight  and  furrowed;  leaves  with  bristle  tips;  fruit 
maturing  the  second  year. 

Leaves  entire 9  Q.  imbricaria. 

Leaves  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  and  teeth  con- 
spicuously bristle  pointed . 
Mature  leaves  smooth  beneath,  except  tufts  of  hairs  in 

the    axils. 

Leaves  lobed  to  about  the  middle,  the  lateral  lobes 
broadest  at  the  base;  cup  saucer-shaped;  nut  about 
1.5-2    cm.    in    diameter;    terminal  buds  reddish.  10  Q.  rubra. 
Leaves  lobed  to  beyond  the  mid'dle,  frequently  those 
grown  in  dense  shade  not  so  deeply  lobed,  some  or 
all  of  the  lateral  lobes  broadest  toward  the  apex. 
Cup  saucer-shaped,    rarely    enclosing  the    nut    for 
more  than  %  its  length;  trees  of  the  low  lands 
and  swamps. 

Leaves  glossy  above;  blades  usually  10-12  cm.  long; 
cups  usually  1.5  cm.  or  less  broad;  terminal 

buds  chestnut  brown .  . 11  Q.  palustris. 

Leaves  dull  above,  usually  about  15  cm.  long;  cups 
1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  rarely  as  narrow  as  1.5  cm.; 

terminal  buds  grayish  brown 12  Q.  Sehneckii. 

Cup   hemispheric,   generally   enclosing   the  nut  for 

half  its  length;  trees  of  the  uplands. 
Inner  bark   yellowish   or   orange;   kernel   of   nut 

yellowish  or  orange,  and  very  bitter. 
Terminal  buds  usually  5  mm.  or  less  in  length, 
ovoid  and  generally  blunt,  reddish-brown; 
scales  of  cup  closely  appressed;  trees  local 
in  the  extreme  northwest  part  of  the  State.  13  Q.    ellipsoidalis. 
Terminal  buds  usually  longer  than  6  mm. ,  usually 
angled  and  sharp-pointed;  scales  of  cup  not 
closely  appressed;  trees  of  all  parts  of  the 

State 14  Q.  velutina. 

Inner  bark  reddish  or  gray;  kernel  white  and  not 

very  bitter 15  Q.  coccinea. 

Mature  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  whole  under 
surface. 


Leaves  grayish  or  yellowish  pubescent  beneath;  scales 
of  cup  with  a  reddish-brown  border;  nut  enclosed 

for  about  %  its  length. , 16  Q.  falcate. 

Leaves    brownish    or  rusty  pubescent  beneath,  some- 
times appearing  grayish;  scales   of    cup  without  a 
dark  border;  nut  enclosed  for  about  half  of  its  length. 
Leaves  expanded  at   the   apex,  and   generally   with 

three  lobes;  mature  twigs  generally  scurvy-pubescent  17  Q,  marilandica. 
Leaves  deeply  lobed;  mature  twigs  generally  glabrous.  14  Q,  velutina. 

1.  Quercus  alba  Linnaeus.  WHITE  OAK.  Plate  40.  Large 
trees  with  gray,  fissured  bark,  flaky  on  the  branches,  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  trunks  of  some  trees  the  bark  loosens  at  the  fissures  and  peels 
back,  forming  flat  strips  which  remain  attached  at  one  side;  twigs  at 
first  hairy,  becoming  smooth;  leaves  mostly  obovate  in  outline,  generally 
8-20  cm.  long  on  petioles  0.5-2  cm.  long,  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  into 
5-9  lobes,  the  lobes  ascending  and  generally  blunt  and  entire,  sometimes 
the  lobes  have  one  or  two  secondary  lobes,  leaves  narrowed  and  oblique 
at  the  base,  smooth  above,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath;  acorns  sessile 
or  on  stalks  up  to  2  cm.  long;  nuts  quite  variable  on  different  trees 
as  to  size  and  shape,  ovoid  or  oblong,  18-30  mm.  long;  cup  flat  on  the 
botton,  tuberculate  and  encloses  about  J/4'  of  the  nut;  scales  blunt  and 
woolly. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario,  Minnesota  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  In  point  of  number 
it  is  exceeded  only  by  the  beech,  although  it  has  a  more  general  distribu- 
tion. It  is  adapted  to  many  types  of  soil,  and  is  found  in  almost  all 
situations  in  Indiana  except  in  very  wet  soils.  It  is  sparingly  found 
in  the  sand  dune  area.  On  the  clay  soils  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  a  frequent  to  an  abundant  tree,  and  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State  it  often  forms  complete  stands  on  the  slopes  of  the  hills. 

The  white  oak  is  one  of  the  largest  and  possibly  the  longest  lived 
tree  of  Indiana.  While  it  is  able  to  adapt  itself  to  many  situations, 
it  grows  to  the  largest  size  in  a  porous,  moist  and  rich  soil. 

Remarks. — Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  tough,  strong  and 
durable.  On  account  of  its  abundance,  and  wide  range  of  uses,  it  has 
always  been  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  Indiana. 

Formerly  the  woods  were  full  of  white  oak  1-1.5  meters  (3-5  ft.)  in 
diameter,  but  today  trees  of  a  meter  (3  ft.)  in  diameter  with  long 
straight  trunks  are  rare  indeed.  Michaux  who  traveled  extensively  in 
America  1801-1807,  while  the  whole  Mississippi  Valley  was  yet  a  wilder- 
ness, remarks:  "The  white  oak  is  the  most  valuable  tree  in  Amer- 
ica." He  observed  the  ruthless  destruction  of  this  valuable  tree,  and 
predicted  that  the  supply  would  soon  be  depleted,  and  that  America 


102 

PLATE  40. 


QUERCUS  ALBA  Linnaeus.     WHITE  OAK.     (x  J^.) 
Acorns    from    different    trees    to    show    variation. 


103 

would  be  sorry  that  regulations  were  not  adopted  to  conserve  the  supply 
of  this  valuable  tree.  Michaux's  prediction  has  come  true,  and  yet  no 
constructive  measures  have  been  provided  to  insure  the  Nation  an  ade- 
quate supply  of  this  timber.  It  should  be  remembered  that  it  requires 
two  to  three  hundred  years  to  grow  a  white  oak  a  meter  in  diameter, 
and  if  we  are  to  have  white  oak  of  that  size  in  the  next  generation  the 
largest  of  our  present  stand  must  be  spared  for  that  harvest. 

White  oak  was  formerly  much  used  in  construction  work,  but  it  has 
become  so  costly  that  cheaper  woods  take  its  place.  At  present  it  is 
used  principally  in  cooperage,  interior  finish,  wagon  and  car  stock, 
furniture,  agricultural  implements,  crossties,  and  veneer.  Indiana  has 
the  reputation  of  furnishing  the  best  grade  of  white  oak  in  the  world. 

Little  attention  has  been  given  this  valuable  species  either  in  horti- 
cultural or  forestal  planting.  This  no  doubt  is  due  in  a  great  measure 
to  the  slow  growth  of  the  tree.  It  should  be  used  more  for  shade  tree, 
ornamental  and  roadside  tree  planting.  There  are  good  reasons  why 
white  oak  should  be  much  used  in  reforestation.  The  cheapest  and 
most  successful  method  of  propagating  white  oak  is  to  plant  the  seed 
in  the  places  where  the  trees  are  desired  to  grow.  This  is  best  done  by 
planting  the  acorns  as  soon  as  they  fall  or  are  mature.  The  best  results 
will  be  obtained  if  the  nuts  are  planted  with  the  small  end  down,  and 
covered  about  an  inch  deep  with  earth.  If  the  ground  is  a  hard  clay 
soiland  the  small  end  of  the  nut  is  placed  down  a  half  inch  of  earth  on 
the  nut  is  sufficient.  Rodents  often  destroy  the  nuts,  and  if  this 
danger  is  apprehended  it  is  best  to  poison  the  rodents  or  to  stratify  the 
seed,  or  grow  seedlings  and  plant  them  when  they  are  one  year  old.  In 
forestal  planting  it  is  suggested  that  the  planting  be  4  x  4  feet. 

The  white  oak  is  quite  variable  in  the  lobing  of  the  leaves,  and  in 
size  and  shape  of  the  fruit,  and  in  the  length  of  its  peduncle.  The 
variable  lobing  of  the  leaves  has  lead  several  authors  to  describe  var- 
ieties based  on  this  character.  The  latest  is  that  of  Sargent1  who  des- 
scribes:  "The  trees  with  leaves  less  deeply  divided,  with  broad  rounded 
lobes  and  usually  smaller  generally  sessile  fruit,"  as  Quercus  alba 
variety  latiloba. 

Quercus  alba  x  Muhlenbergii  (X  Quercus  Deami  Trelease).  This 
rare  hybrid  was  discovered  in  a  woods  about  3  miles  northwest  of 
Bluffton  Indiana  by  L.  A.  Williamson  and  his  son  E.  B.  Williamson  in 
1904.2 

The  tree  is  still  standing  and  in  1918  bore  a  heavy  crop  of  seed.  A 
liberal  quantity  was  sent  for  propagation  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
New  York  Botanical  Gardens,  and  Missouri  Botanical  Gardens.  The 

4MfhybridBwas  Scribed"  in* the  Report  of  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Forestry  for 
1911. 


104 

Arboretum  succeeded  in  germinating  several  seed.  The  New  York 
Gardens  succeeded  in  getting  5  seedlings.  The  Missouri  Gardens  failed 
to  get  any  to  germinate.  About  a  gallon  of  seeds  was  planted  in  the 
Clark  County  State  forest  nursery  and  all  failed. 

2.  Quercus  bicolor  Willdenow.     SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.     Plate  41. 
Large  trees;  leaves  on  petioles  5-20  mm.  long,  8-18  cm.  long,  obovate, 
wedge-shaped  or  narrowly  rounded  at  base,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the 
apex,  margins  coarsely  divided  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth  or  some- 
what pinnatifid,  primary  venation  beneath  somewhat  regular,  but  usual- 
ly some  of  the  veins  end  in  a  sinus  of  the  margin,  both  surfaces  hairy  at 
first,  becoming  smooth  above  and  remaining  velvety  pubescent  beneath; 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  a  bronze  or  dark  green  and  the  under  sur- 
face grayish  due  to  the  dense  tomentum,  which  in  some  instances  be- 
comes sparse  and  short,  in  which  case  the  under  surface  is  a  light  green; 
acorns  usually  in  pairs  on  stalks  2-7  cm.  long;  nuts  ovoid,  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
enclosed  for  ^-^  their  length  in    the   cup;    scales  of   cup    acute  to 
very   long  acuminate,  scurvy  pubescent  and    frequently  tuberculate; 
kernel  sweetish. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota  south 
to  Georgia  and  Arkansas.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is  always 
found  in  wet  places.  In  most  of  its  range  it  is  associated  with  the  bur 
oak  from  which  it  is  not  commonly  separated.  In  the  northern  counties 
it  is  usually  associated  with  pin  and  bur  oak,  and  white  elm;  in  the  flats 
of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  it  is  usually  associated  with  cow 
oak  and  sweet  gum,  while  in  the  southwestern  counties  it  is  found  most 
commonly  with  Spanish  and  pin  oak. 

Remarks. — Commercially  the  wood  is  not  distinguished  from  white 
oak,  and  the  cut  is  sold  for  that  species. 

3.  Quercus  Muhlenbergii  Engelmann.  CHINQUAPIN  OAK.    SWEET 
OAK.     YELLOW  OAK.     CHESTNUT  OAK.     Plate  42.     Large  trees;  leaves 
on  petioles  1-3  cm.  long,  blades  very  variable  in  size,  shape  and  leaf 
margins,  generally  10-20  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  obovate, 
narrowed  or  rounded  and  more  or  less  unequal  at  the  base,  taper-pointed 
at  the  apex,  the  apex  always  forming  an  acute  angle,  margins  coarsely 
and   rather   regularly   toothed,    primary   veins    beneath   regular   and 
straight,  and  end  in  a  prominent  gland  in  the  point  of  the  teeth,  teeth 
more  or  less  incurved,  leaves  smooth  and  dark  green  above,  and  grayish 
pubescent  beneath;  acorns  generally  sessile,  but  often  on  short  stalks 
up  to  1  cm.  long;  nut  ovoid  to  oblong  ovoid,  10-18  mm.  long,  enclosed 
for  %-y<i  its  length  in  a  very  thin  cup;  scales  of  cup  ovate,   blunt- 
pointed  or  merely  acute,  sometimes  tuberculate  near  the  base  of  the 
cup,  grayish  pubescent  without;  kernel  sweet,  and  the  most  edible  of 
all  of  our  oaks. 


QUERCUS  BICOLOR  Willdenow.     SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.     (x  Y2.) 


QUERCUS  MUHLENBERGII  Engelmann.     CHINQUAPIN  OAK.     (x 
Detached    acorns    and    leaves    from    different    trees. 


107 

Distribution. — Vermont,  southwestern  Ontario  to  Wisconsin  and 
south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  in  limited  numbers  in  all 
parts  of  Indiana,  although  Hill's  record  for  Lake  county  is  the  only 
record  in  the  block  of  the  12  northwest  counties.  It  is  without  a  doubt 
found  in  every  county  south  of  the  Wabash  River.  It  is  a  rare  or  an 
infrequent  tree  in  practically  all  parts  of  its  range.  It  is  generally  found 
on  the  dry  banks  of  streams,  river  terrace  banks,  rocky  bluffs  of  streams, 
and  only  rarely  in  level  dry  woods.  In  the  southern  counties  it  is 
sometimes  found  on  clay  or  rocky  ridges.  In  most  of  its  range  it  is 
now  so  rare  that  most  of  the  inhabitants  do  not  know  the  tree. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  to  white  oak,  and  with  the  same  uses. 

In  White  County  a  pioneer  was  found  who  knew  the  tree  only  by 
the  name  of  pigeon  oak.  He  said  it  received  this  name  from  the  fact 
that  the  wild  pigeons  were  fond  of  the  acorns. 

The  leaves  of  this  tree  vary  greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  leaf  margins. 
The  fruit  also  varies  on  different  trees  in  the  shape  of  the  nut,  and 
the  depth  of  the  cup.  These  variations  have  lead  some  authors  to 
separate  the  forms  and  one  histological  study1  seems  to  support  minor 
differences.  It  has  been  observed  that  the  leaves  in  the  top  of  some 
trees  may  be  thick,  narrow  and  with  long  incurved  teeth,  while  the 
leaves  of  the  lower  branches  will  be  strongly  obovate,  thinner,  and  the 
teeth  more  dentate.  In  a  general  study  it  is  best  to  include  the  poly- 
morphic forms  under  one  name.  The  distribution  of  the  shallow 
and  deep  cup  forms  is  so  general  that  no  regional  or  habitat  areas  can 
be  assigned  to  either  of  them  in  Indiana. 

4.  Quercus  Michauxii  Nuttall  (Quercus  Prinus  Sargent).  Cow 
OAK.  BASKET  Oak.  Plate  43.  Large  trees;  leaves  on  petioles  1-3  cm. 
long,  generally  1-2  dm.  long,  obovate,  narrowed  or  narrowly  rounded 
at  the  base,  short  taper-pointed,  the  apex  generally  blunt,  the  mar- 
gins coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  broad  and  rounded  or  more  rarely 
acute,  shaded  leaves  sometimes  with  margins  merely  undulate,  hairy  on 
both  surfaces  when  young,  becoming  at  maturity  a  dark  yellow  green 
and  glabrous  above,  sometimes  remaining  somewhat  pubescent  along 
the  midrib  and  the  principal  veins,  leaves  grayish  and  woolly  pubescent 
beneath;  acorns  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks,  up  to 
almost  a  cm.  in  length;  nuts  ovoid  or  oval  with  a  broad  base,  enclosed 
for  about  %  their  length  by  the  cup,  the  cups  thick  and  generally 
.2-3  cm.  broad;  scales  ovate,  acute,  rather  blunt-pointed  and  more  or 
less  tuberculate  near  the  base  of  the  cup,  tomentose  on  the  back;  kernel 
sweet. 


Elliott:  Histological  variations  of  Quercus  Muhlenbergii.     University  of  Kansas  Science 
Bui.  9:45:54:8  Plates:1914. 


108 
PLATE  43. 


QUERCUS    MICHAUXII    Nuttall.     Cow    or    BASKET    OAK.     (x  Y2.) 


109 

Distribution. — Delaware,  southern  Indiana,  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  believed  that  its  distribu- 
tion is  pretty  well  known  and  well  defined.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  low 
wet  woods,  although  large  trees  may  be  found  in  fairly  dry  woods  which 
have  been  made  dry  by  drainage.  In  discussing  the  distribution  it  must 
be  remembered  that  this  species  was  reported  as  Quercus  Prinus  before 
the  sixth  edition  of  Gray's  Manual  which  was  published  in  1890. 
Gorby's1  reference  to  Miami  County  should  be  ignored,  because  he 
compiled  his  list  of  trees  from  a  list  of  common  names  to  which  he 
appended  the  scientific  names.  His  list  includes  several  species  which 
are  not  native,  and  his  water  willow  (Dianthera  americana)  is  an  herb- 
aceous plant.  Wilson's2  report  for  Hamilton  County  I  believe  also 
to  be  an  error.  Wilson  preserved  no  specimen.  Since  Hamilton  County 
has  no  cow  oak  habitat,  and  Wilson  was  not  acquainted  with  the 
species,  I  think  this  reference  should  be  transferred  to  the  broad- 
leaf  form  of  Quercus  Muhlenbergii.  The  author  has  collected  and 
distributed  authentic  specimens  from  a  point  2^  miles  southwest  of 
Napoleon  in  Ripley  County.  This  species  is  reported  by  Meyncke  for 
Franklin  County  as  scarce,  and  by  Collins  for  Dearborn  County.  Since 
the  habitat  of  the  species  is  found  in  these  counties,  it  is  fair  to  admit 
them  into  the  range  of  the  species.  This  species  is  a  frequent  to  a  very 
common  tree  in  the  flats  of  Clark,  Scott,  Jefferson,  Jackson,  Jennings, 
and  Ripley  Counties,  where  it  is  usually  associated  with  beech  and 
sweet  gum.  It  is  now  known  to  range  as  far  north  as  the  northern  parts 
of  Jackson,  Jennings  and  Ripley  Counties.  It  is  an  infrequent  tree  of 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  as  far  north  as  southern  Knox  County  and 
no  doubt  followed  eastward  along  White  River.  It  follows  the  Ohio 
River  eastward  at  least  to  a  point  six  miles  east  of  Grandview  in  Spencer 
County.  It  no  doubt  was  an  occasional  tree  along  the  Ohio  River  up 
to  Dearborn  County.  It  has  also  been  reported  by  Aiken  for  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio.  In  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  it  is  associated  with 
Spanish  and  pin  oak. 

Remarks. — Wood  and  uses  similar  to  white  oak.  In  the  flats  of 
southeastern  Indiana  it  is  generally  called  white  oak,  and  in  some 
places  it  is  known  as  bur  oak.  It  grows  very  rapidly  and  to  a  large  size. 
A  tree  was  measured  in  1919  in  the  Klein  woods  about  4  miles  north  of 
North  Vernon  that  was  3.57  meters  (11  feet,  7  inches)  in  circumference, 
breast  high,  and  was  estimated  to  be  15  m.  (50  feet)  to  the  first  branch. 
This  species  when  grown  in  the  open  forms  a  large  oval  head,  and  in 
moist  soil  would  make  one  of  the  best  shade  and  roadside  trees  to  be  had. 


iGorby:  Trees  and  shrubs  indigenous  to  Miami  County,  Ind.  Geol.  Kept.  16:168-170: 

1889'    2WiIson:  Flora  of  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties,  Indiana.    Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Science. 
1894:156-176:1895. 


110 

It  is  not  known  how  it  would  adapt  itself  to  high  ground,  but  it  is 
believed  this  species  is  worthy  a  trial  as  a  shade  tree.  It  is  apparently 
hardy  in  the  northern  counties. 

Quercus  Beadlei  Trelease.  (Quercus  alba  x  Michauxii).  This  hybrid 
between  the  white  and  cow  oak  was  found  by  the  writer  in  1913  in 
the  White  River  bottoms  3  miles  east  of  Medora  in  Jackson  County. 

The  tree  measured  3.54  meters  (139  inches)  in  circumference  breast 
high.  Specimens  were  distributed  under  No.  19,037,  and  the  deter- 
mination was  made  by  William  Trelease,  our  leading  authority  on  oaks. 

5.  Quercus  Prinus  LinnaBus.  (Quercus  montana  Willdenow  of  some 
recent  authors).  CHESTNUT  OAK.  Plate  44.  Medium  to  large  sized 
tree;  bark  dark,  tight,  deeply  fissured,  the  furrows  wide,  and  the 
ridges  continuous;  leaves  on  petioles  1-3  cm.  long,  1-2  dm.  long,  obovate 
to  lanceolate,  those  growing  in  the  shade  usually  the  widest,  rounded  at 
the  base,  usually  narrowly  so  or  even  wedge-shaped,  short  or  long  taper- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  the  apex  blunt,  margins  coarsely  and  nearly  regu- 
larly crenate-toothed,  the  teeth  broad  and  rounded,  dark  green  above 
at  maturity,  a  lighter  and  usually  a  yellow  or  grayish  green  beneath, 
only  slightly  hairy  above  when  young,  soon  becoming  entirely  glabrate, 
very  pubescent  beneath  when  young  and  usually  remaining  so  until 
maturity;  petioles,  midrib  and  primary  veins  beneath  are  usually 
conspicuously  yellow,  which  is  a  distinctive  character  of  this  species; 
acorns  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  short  stalks  usually  about  1  cm.  long, 
sometimes  sessile;  nuts  large  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  2-3  cm.  long,  en- 
closed generally  for  about  i/£  their  length  in  a  thin  cup;  scales  with 
triangular  blunt  tips,  generally  somewhat  tuberculate  and  pubescent 
on  the  back;  kernel  sweet. 

Distribution. — Maine,  northern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  to  west  central 
Indiana  and  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama.  In  Indiana  its 
distribution  is  limited  to  the  knobstone  and  sandstone  area  of  the  State. 
Its  distribution  has  been  fairly  well  mapped.  Two  large  trees  on  the 
edge  of  the  top  of  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  at  Marble  Hill  which  is 
located  in  the  south  corner  of  Jefferson  County  is  the  eastern  limit  of  its 
range.  It  crowns  some  of  the  ridges,  sometimes  extending  down  the 
adjacent  slopes  a  short  distance,  from  Floyd  County  north  to  the  south 
side  of  Salt  Creek  in  Brown  County.  Its  range  then  extends  west  to  the 
east  side  of  Monroe  County,  thence  southwestward  to  the  west  side  of 
Martin  County,  thence  south  to  the  Ohio  River.  Where  it  is  found  it  is 
generally  such  a  common  tree  that  the  areas  are  commonly  called 
chestnut  oak  ridges  and  are  regarded  as  our  poorest  and  most  stony  land. 
In  Floyd  and  Clark  counties  it  is  usually  associated  with  scrub  pine. 
In  the  remainder  of  its  range  it  is  generally  associated  with  black  jack 


QUERCUS  PRINUS  Linnaeus.     CHESTNUT  OAK.     (x 

Acorns    and    loose    leaves    from    different    trees. 


112 

post  and  black  oaks.  In  our  area  this  species  is  never  found  closely 
associated  with  limestone,  and  reports  of  this  species  being  found  on 
limestone  areas  should  be  referred  to  Quercus  Muhlenbergii. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  and  uses  generally  the  same  as  white  oak. 
The  tree  usually  grows  in  such  poor  situations  that  it  never  acquires 
a  large  diameter,  and  it  is  only  when  a  tree  is  found  in  a  cove  or  in  richer 
and  deeper  soil  that  it  grows  to  a  large  size.  The  amount  of  this  species 
is  very  limited  and  it  is  therefore  of  no  especial  economic  importance  as 
a  source  of  timber  supply.  The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin.  The  crests  of 
chestnut  oak  ridges  are  often  cut  bare  of  this  species.  The  trunks  are 
made  into  cross  ties,  and  the  larger  branches  are  peeled  for  their  bark. 
The  nuts  germinate  on  top  of  the  ground  as  soon  as  they  fall,  or  even 
before  they  fall.  Usually  a  large  percentage  germinate.  The  tree 
grows  rapidly  where  soil  conditions  are  at  all  favorable.  It  is  believed 
that  this  species  should  be  used  to  reforest  the  chestnut  oak  ridges  of 
the  State,  and  possibly  it  would  be  one  of  the  best  to  employ  on  the 
slopes  of  other  poor  ridges. 

6.  Quercus  stellata  Wangenheim.  POST  OAK.  Plate  45.  Medium 
to  large  trees;  bark  resembles  that  of  the  white  oak  except  on  old  trees 
the  fissures  are  deeper  when  compared  with  a  white  oak  of  equal  size, 
and  the  ridges  are  usually  broken  into  shorter  lengths;  twigs  stout, 
yellowish-brown  at  first,  remaining  this  color  more  or  less  to  the  end  of 
the  season,  at  first  densely  covered  with  hairs  which  remain  throughout 
the  season,  and  usually  one  year  old  branchlets  are  more  or  less  tomen- 
tose;  leaves  on  hairy  petioles  0.3-3  cm.  long,  generally  about  1  cm. 
long;  leaves  obovate  in  outline,  corrwnonly  1-2  dm.  long  and  about  % 
as  wide,  and  generally  lobed  into  five  principal  lobes  which  are  disposed 
as  follows:  the  two  basal  are  formed  by  two  deep  sinuses  just  below  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  which  cut  off  a  large  roughly  triangular  portion,  one 
angle  of  which  forms  the  base,  the  top  two  angles  prolonged  on  each 
side  into  a  rounded  lobe  which  may  be  long  or  short;  the  terminal  lobe  is 
produced  by  two  deep  sinuses  which  constrict  the  blade  at  about 
%-}/%  its  length  from  the  apex;  the  two  basal  and  two  terminal 
sinuses  form  the  two  lateral  lobes  which  in  size  are  equal  to  about  one 
half  of  the  leaf  area;  the  lateral  lobes  are  generally  ascending  with  the 
terminal  portion  usually  indented  with  a  shallow  sinus  which  produces 
two  short  lobes;  the  terminal  lobe  of  the  leaf  commonly  has  two  or 
three  shallow  secondary  lobes;  all  the  lobes  of  the  leaf  are  rounded;  base 
of  leaf  narrowed  or  rounded;  leaves  very  thick  at  maturity,  when  they 
first  appear  both  surfaces  are  densely  covered  with  a  yellowish  pube- 
scence, at  maturity  the  upper  surface  is  a  dark  glossy  green,  and  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  except  some  leaves  retain  fascicles  of  hairs,  and  the  midrib 


QUERCUS  STELLATA  Wangenheim.     POST  OAK.     (x  Y2.) 
Acorns  from  different  trees. 


114 

and  principal  veins  may  be  more  or  less  rough  pubescent,  the  under 
surface  at  maturity  is  a  gray-green,  and  remains  more  or  less  densely 
covered  with  fascicles  of  hairs;  acorns  single  or  in  clusters,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  nuts  small,  ovoid  10-15  mm.  long  and  6-10  mm.  wide,  in- 
closed for  about  Yi  their  length  in  the  cup;  scales  ovate,  gray  or  reddish 
brown,  tomentose  on  the  back,  blunt  except  those  near  the  top  of  the 
cup  which  are  sometimes  acute;  kernel  sweet. 

Distribution. — Massachusetts,  Indiana,  south  to  Florida,  and  west 
to  Oklahoma  and  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  confined  to  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  State.  In  our  area  it  is  found  on  the  crest  of  ridges  in  the 
knob  area  where  it  is  generally  associated  with  black,  and  black  jack 
oaks,  hence  in  our  poorest  and  thinnest  soils.  West  of  the  knob  area 
it  takes  up  different  habitats.  From  Vigo  County  southward  it  is 
found  on  sand  ridges  associated  with  black  and  black  jack  oaks.  West 
of  the  knob  area  it  is  frequently  found  in  black  oak  woods  and  in  War- 
rick  County  about  two  miles  southwest  of  Tennyson  it  is  a  frequent 
tree  in  the  Little  Pigeon  Creek  bottoms  which  are  a  hard  light  clay 
soil.  Here  it  is  associated  with  pin  oak  and  cork  elm  (  Ulmus  alata). 
In  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  especially  in  Point  Township  of  Posey 
County  in  the  hard  clay  of  this  area  it  is  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree, 
associated  with  Spanish,  pin,  swamp,  white  and  shingle  oaks,  and 
sweet  gum.  In  this  area  it  grows  to  be  a  large  tree. 

This  species  has  been  reported  for  Hamilton  County  by  Wilson,  but 
I  regard  this  reference  a  wrong  identification  which  will  relieve  Hamilton 
County  of  the  reputation  of  having  "post  oak"  land.  It  was  reported, 
also,  by  Gorby  for  Miami  County.  Since  Gorby's  list  is  wholly  un- 
reliable, it  is  best  to  drop  this  reference.  Higley  and  Raddin1  reported 
a  single  tree  near  Whiting.  Nieuwland2  reported  this  species  from  near 
Mineral  Springs  in  Porter  County,  the  report  being  based  on  his  num- 
ber 10,207  which  I  have  not  seen.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  these 
references,  because  it  is  not  an  unusual  thing  to  find  a  southern  form 
jump  from  southern  Indiana  to  a  congenial  habitat  about  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

Remarks. — Wood  is  similar  but  tougher  than  white  oak,  and  its  uses 
are  the  same  as  white  oak.  Since  in  our  area  the  tree  is  usually  medium 
sized,  most  of  the  trees  are  worked  up  into  crossties.  A  tree  in 
a  black  oak  woods  4  miles  east  of  Washington  in  Daviess  County 
measured  2.22  meters  (87}/£  inches)  in  circumference  breast  high. 
This  species  in  some  localities  is  called  iron  oak,  and  in  Gibson  County 
on  the  sand  dune  area  it  is  called  sand  bur  oak. 


iHigley  and  Raddin:  Flora  of  Cook  County    Illinois,  and  a   part  of   Lake    County 
Indiana.  Bui.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Vol.  2:  106:1891. 

zNieuwland:  Notes  on  our  local  flora.  Amer.  Mid.  Nat.  Vol.  3:230:1914. 


115 

PLATE  4(i. 


QUERCUS  MACROCARPA  Michaux.     BUR  OAK.     (x 

Acorns  from  different  trees. 
The  right  two  belong  to  the  variety  OLIV^EFORMIS. 


116 

7.  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michaux.  BUR  OAK.  Plate  46.  Large 
trees;  branchlets  of  young  trees  generally  develop  corky  wings  which  are 
usually  absent  on  mature  trees;  leaves  on  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  obovate 
in  outline,  generally  1-2.5  dm.  long,  the  margins  more  or  less  deeply 
cut  so  that  there  are  usually  7  lobes,  sometimes  only  5,  or  as  many  as 
9  or  11,  sometimes  the  sinuses  extend  to  the  midrib,  giving  the  leaf  a 
"skeleton"  appearance,  the  lobes  are  very  irregular  in  shape  and  various- 
ly arranged,  but  often  appear  as  if  in  pairs,  lobes  rounded  and  ascend- 
ing, the  larger  lobes  are  sometimes  somewhat  lobed,  the  three  terminal 
lobes  are  usually  the  largest  and  considered  as  a  whole  would  equal  in 
size  one  half  or  more  of  the  entire  leaf  area,  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  wedge- 
shape  or  narrowly  rounded;  leaves  at  maturity  are  dark  green  and 
smooth  above,  or  somewhat  pubescent  along  the  midrib,  a  gray-green 
and  woolly  pubescent  beneath;  acorns  usually  solitary,  sometimes  in 
pairs  or  clusters  of  three,  sessile  or  on  short  stalks,  sometimes  on 
stalks  as  long  as  2.5  cm.;  nuts  very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  ovoid  to 
oblong,  often  very  much  depressed  at  the  apex,  2-3  cm.  long,  enclosed 
from  ^  to  almost  then-  entire  length  in  the  cup  which  is  fringed  at 
the  top;  cups  thick  and  large,  sometimes  4.5  cm.  in  diameter:  scales 
tomentose  on  the  back  and  somewhat  tuberculate,  blunt  near  the  base 
of  the  cup,  but  at  and  near  the  top  of  the  cup  they  become  long  attenu- 
ate and  on  some  trees  appear  almost  bristle  like;  kernel  sweet. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Georgia  and 
west  to  Texas  and  Wyoming.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana,  although 
we  have  no  reports  from  the  knob  area  where  no  doubt  it  is  only  local. 
It  is  a  tree  of  wet  woods,  low  borders  of  streams,  etc..  except  among  the 
hills  of  southern  Indiana,  it  is  an  occasional  tree  of  the  slopes.  In 
favorable  habitats  it  was  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree.  Its  most 
constant  associates  are  white  elm,  swamp  white  and  red  oak,  linn, 
green  and  black  ash,  shellbark  hickory,  etc.  It  is  sometimes  called 
mossy-cup  oak. 

Remarks. — Wood  and  uses  similar  to  that  of  white  oak.  In  point 
of  number,  size  and  value  it  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of 
the  State.  Michaux1  says:  "A  tree  three  miles  from  Troy.  Ohio,  was 
measured  that  was  fourteen  feet  and  nine  inches  in  diameter  six  feet 
above  the  ground.  The  trunk  rises  about  fifty  feet  without  limbs,  and 
with  scarcely  a  perceptible  diminution  in  size." 

7a.  Quercus  macrocarpa  var.  olivacformis  (Michaux  filius) 
Gray.  This  variet y  is  distinguished  from  the  typical  form  by  its  shallow 
cup,  and  the  long  oval  nut  which  is  often  3  cm.  long.  The  cup  is  semi- 
hemispheric,  and  encloses  the  nut  for  about  one-half  its  length. 


iMichaux:  Xorth  American  SUra.  J.  J.  Smith's  Trans.  Vol.  1:37:1871. 


117 

Authentic  specimens  are  at  hand  from  Wells  County,  and  it  has  been 
reported  from  Gibson  and  Hamilton  Counties.  Xo  doubt  this  form  has 
a  wider  range. 

8.  Quercus  lyrata  Walter.  OVERCUP  OAK.  Plate  47.  Medium 
sized  trees;  bark  generally  intermediate  between  that  of  the  swamp 
white  and  bur  oak;  leaves  on  petioles  5-30  mm.  long  which  are  generally 
somewhat  reddish  toward  the  base,  10-20  cm.  long,  obovate  or  oblong- 
obovate.  margins  very  irregularly  divided  into  5-9  short  or  long  lobes, 
ascending  and  generally  acute,  ordinarily  the  three  terminal  lobes  are 
the  largest,  base  of  leaves  wedge-shape,  or  narrowly  rounded,  upper 
surface  at  maturity  dark  green  and  smooth,  the  under  surface  densely 
covered  with  a  thick  tomentum  to  which  is  added  more  or  less  long 
and  single  or  fascicled  straight  hairs;  when  the  leaves  are  as  described 
on  the  under  surface  they  are  gray  beneath;  however,  a  form  occurs 
which  is  yellow  green  beneath  and  has  little  or  no  tomentum,  but  is 
thickly  covered  with  long  single  or  fascicled  straight  hairs;  acorn  single 
or  in  pairs,  on  stalks  generally  about  1  cm.  long,  sometimes  the  stalks 
are  3  cm.  long,  the  stalk  lies  ir  a  plane  at  a  right  angle  to  the  base  of  the 
acorn  which  is  a  characteristic  of  this  species;  nut  depressed  globose, 
about  1.5  cm.  long,  generally  almost  completely  enclosed  in  the  cup, 
or  sometimes  enclosed  only  for  about  %  its  length;  cup  generally 
very  thick  at  the  base,  gradually  becoming  thinner  at  the  top,  and  often 
it  splits  open:  scales  tomentose  on  the  back,  those  near  the  base, 
thick  and  tuberculate  on  the  back  and  blunt,  but  those  near  the  top  of 
the  cup  are  acute  or  long  attenuate;  kernel  sweet. 

Distribution. — Maryland  to  Missouri,2  and  south  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  found  only  about  river  sloughs  or  deep 
swamps  in  the  southwestern  counties.  At  present  it  is  known  only 
from  Knox,  Gibson,  Posey  and  Spencer  Counties.  It  was  reported  by 
Xieuwland1  for  Marshall  County  on  the  authority  of  Clark.  This 
specimen  was  taken  during  a  survey  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  and  is 
deposited  in  the  National  Museum.  I  have  had  the  specimen  examined 
by  an  authority,  who  reports  that  it  is  some  other  species.  Its  habitat 
is  that  of  areas  that  are  inundated  much  of  the  winter  season.  It  is  so 
rare  that  its  associates  could  not  be  learned.  In  one  place  it  grew  in  a 
depression  lower  than  a  nearby  pin  oak,  and  in  another  place  it  grew  in 
a  depression  in  a  very  low  woods,  surrounded  by  sweet  gum,  big  shell 
bark  hickory,  and  pin  oak.  It  is  generally  found  singly  in  depressions, 
but  it  is  a  common  tree  on  the  low  border  of  the  west  side  of  Burnett's 
pond  in  Gibson  County. 

Remarks. — Wood  and  uses  similar  to  that  of  white  oak.  In  our 
area  it  is  usually  known  as  bur  oak. 

iNieuwland:  Notes  on  our  local  flora.     Amer.  Mid.  Nat.  Vol.  3:230:1914. 
»Prof.  B.  Shimek  told  me  that  recently  a  few  trees  were  found  about  3O  miles  west  of 
Iowa  City,  Iowa. 


QUERCUS  LYRATA  Walter.     OVERCUP  OAK.     (x 
Acorns  from  different  trees. 


119 

9.  Quercus  imbricaria  Michaux.  SHINGLE  OAK.  Plate  48. 
Medium  to  large  sized  trees;  leaves  on  petioles  generally  0.5-1  cm.  long, 
7-16  cm.  long,  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  apex  generally  sharp-pointed  and  ending  with  a  bristle,  some- 
times very  wide  leaves  are  blunt  at  the  apex,  margins  entire,  when  they 
first  appear  the  upper  surface  is  somewhat  woolly  and  the  under  surface 
whitish  with  a  dense  tomentum,  soon  glabrous  and  a  dark  green 
above,  remaining  more  or  less  densely  woolly  or  pubescent  beneath; 
acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nuts  ovoid,  about  1  cm. 
long  and  enclosed  for  about  %  their  length  in  the  cup;  cup  rounded  at 
the  base;  scales  pubescent  on  the  back  and  obtuse. 

Distribution. — Pennsylvania,  Michigan  to  Nebraska,  south  to 
Georgia  and  west  to  Arkansas.  Found  throughout  Indiana.  It  is  es- 
sentially a  tree  of  low  ground,  but  it  is  sometimes  found  near  the  base 
of  slopes,  and  in  the  knob  area  it  is  sometimes  found  on  the  crest  of 
ridges.  In  all  parts  of  Indiana  except  the  southwestern  part  it  is  found 
only  locally  and  then  usually  in  colonies  of  a  few  trees.  In  Wells  County, 
I  know  of  only  two  trees  located  at  the  base  of  a  slope  bordering  a  pond 
in  Jackson  Township.  In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  it  is 
frequent  to  a  common  tree  in  its  peculiar  habitat.  It  appears  that  when 
drainage  basins  decrease  in  size,  and  leave  sandy  river  bottoms,  and 
bordering  low  sand  dunes,  that  the  shingle  oak  is  the  first  oak  to  occupy 
the  area.  On  the  sand  ridges  it  is  crowded  out  by  the  black,  black  jack 
and  post  oaks.  In  the  bottoms  it  is  succeeded  by  pin,  Schneck's,  Spanish, 
swamp  white  and  post  oaks.  Special  notes  were  made  on  its  distribu- 
tion on  a  trip  through  Gibson,  Pike,  Daviess,  Greene  and  Sullivan 
Counties,  going  from  Francisco  northward  through  the  Patoka  bot- 
toms where  in  many  places  it  forms  pure  stands.  Usually  in  situations 
a  little  higher  than  the  pin  oak  zone.  Thence  eastward  to  Winslow 
and  then  north  to  Sandy  Hook  in  Daviess  County,  thence  north  to 
Washington,  Montgomery,  Odon,  Newberry,  Lyons,  Marco  and  Sul- 
livan. In  its  habitat  all  along  this  route  it  was  a  frequent  to  a  very 
common  tree.  A  few  miles  northeast  of  Montgomery  is  a  small  area 
which  a  pioneer  informed  me  was  originally  a  prairie.  Typical  prairie 
plants  are  yet  found  along  the  roadside  and  fences  in  the  area.  I  was 
informed  that  the  shingle  oak  was  the  only  species  found  on  the  area, 
and  on  the  border  of  the  area.  It  is  believed  the  mass  distribution  of 
the  species  was  in  the  area  indicated  by  the  preceding  route.  Both  east 
and  west  of  this  area  the  species  becomes  less  frequent. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  to  red  oak,  but  much  inferior.  Evidently 
it  is  rather  a  slow  growing  tree,  but  it  might  find  a  use  as  a  shade  or 
ornamental  tree  in  sandy  habitats  where  the  pin  oak  would  not  thrive. 
It  is  also  called  black  oak,  peach  oak,  jack  oak  and  water  oak. 


120 

PLATE  48. 


QUERCUS  IMBRICARIA  Michaux.     SHINGLE  OAK.     (x 


121 

10.  Quercus  rubra  Linnaeus.  [Quercus  maxima  (Marshall)  Ashe 
of  some  recent  authors].  RED  OAK.  Plate  49.  Large  trees;  winter 
buds  ovoid,  pointed,  reddish,  outer  scales  glabrous,  sometimes  pube- 
scent on  the  edges;  twigs  soon  smooth  and  reddish;  leaves  on  petioles 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  10-20  cm.  long,  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  broadly  wedge- 
shape  or  truncate  at  the  base,  the  margins  divided  by  wide  or  narrow 
sinuses  generally  into  7-9  lobes,  sometimes  as  many  as  11,  the  lobes  not 
uniform  in  size  or  shape,  lobes  broadest  at  the  base  and  ending  generally 
in  1-5  bristle  points,  pubescent  above  and  below  at  first,  soon  becoming 
smooth  at  maturity  and  a  dark  green  above,  paler  and  yellowish-green 
beneath  and  smooth  or  with  tufts  of  tomentum  in  the  axils  of  the  veins; 
acorns  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks;  nuts  ovoid, 
flat  at  the  base,  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  2-3  cm.  long,  enclosed  for 
about  14  their  length  in  the  shallow  cup;  cups  2-3  cm.  in  diameter, 
thick,  saucer-shape,  flat  or  only  slightly  rounded  at  the  base;  scales 
ovate,  blunt,  appressed,  and  pubescent  on  the  back;  kernel  somewhat 
bitter,  eaten  by  hogs  and  cattle,  but  not  relished  by  wild  animals. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Texas.  Found  throughout  Indiana,  although  local  in  the  knob 
area.  Its  preferred  habitat  is  that  of  moist,  rich  and  fairly  well  drained 
woods.  It  does  not  thrive  in  situations  that  are  inundated  much  of  the 
winter  season  such  as  the  pin  oak  will  endure.  In  the  southern  part  of 
the  State,  especially  in  the  flats  it  is  frequently  found  on  the  high  bluffs 
of  streams  and  very  large  forest  trees  are  frequent  on  a  dry  wooded 
slope  of  ten  acres,  on  the  Davis  farm  four  miles  south  of  Salem.  In  a 
congenial  habitat  it  was  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree,  although  such  a 
thing  as  nearly  a  pure  stand  would  never  be  met  with,  such  as  was  often 
formed  by  the  white,  black,  shingle  or  pin  oak. 

Remarks. — Wood  hard,  heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  but  not  as 
good  as  white  oak  in  any  of  its  mechanical  qualities.  Commercially 
all  of  the  biennial  oaks  are  usually  considered  as  red  oak.  The  true  red 
oak,  however,  is  generally  considered  the  best  of  all  the  biennial  oaks. 
Until  recently,  when  white  oak  became  scarce,  red  oak  was  not  in  much 
demand,  and  was  used  principally  for  construction  material.  Now  it  is 
substituted  in  many  places  for  white  oak,  and  the  uses  now  are  in  a 
great  measure  the  same  as  those  of  white  oak. 

The  red  oak  grows  rapidly,  and  is  able  to  adapt  itself  to  many  soil 
conditions.  It  has  been  used  in  European  countries  for  two  centuries 
for  shade  and  ornamental  planting.  It  reproduces  easily  by  planting 
the  acorns,  and  should  receive  attention  by  woodlot  owners  as  a  suitable 
species  for  reinforcing  woodlands,  or  in  general  forest  planting. 


122 
PLATE   49. 


QUERCUS  RUBRA^Linnseus.     RED  OAK.     (x 
Acorns  from  different  trees. 


123 

11.  Quercus  palustris  Du  Roi.  PIN  OAK.  Plate  50.  Medium 
to  large  trees  with  very  tight  bark,  the  furrows  shallow  and  generally 
wide;  twigs  at  first  pubescent,  soon  becoming  smooth  and  reddish- 
brown;  leaves  on  petioles  generally  1-5  cm.  long,  blades  about  7-15  cm. 
long,  usually  about  %  as  wide,  sometimes  as  wide  as  long,  ovate  to 
obovate  in  outline,  narrowed  to  broadly  truncate  at  the  base,  the 
margins  divided  into  5-7  lobes  by  deep  and  wide  sinuses,  except  leaves 
that  grow  in  the  shade,  the  sinus  cuts  the  blade  to  more  than  half  way  to 
the  midrib,  the  lobes  are  widest  at  the  base,  or  sometimes  widest  near 
the  apex,  the  lobes  usually  somewhat  toothed  or  lobed  and  end  in  1-7 
bristle  tips,  leaves  hairy  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrate 
and  a  glossy  dark  green  above,  a  paler  green  beneath  and  smooth  except 
tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins;  acorns  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  single  or  in  clusters;  nuts  subglobose  or  ovoid,  generally  10-12  mm. 
long,  the  ovoid  form  somewhat  smaller,  covered  about  ^  their  length 
by  the  shallow  cups;  cups  saucer-shape  and  generally  flat  on  the  bottom, 
those  with  the  ovoid  nuts  are  rounded  on  the  bottom;  scales  pubescent 
on  the  back, and  rounded  or  blunt  at  the  apex. 

Distribution. — Massachusetts,  southwestern  Ontario,  Michigan  to 
Iowa  and  south  to  Virginia  and  west  to  Oklahoma.  Found  in  every 
county  of  Indiana.  It  is  found  only  in  wet  situations  where  it  is  a 
frequent  to  a  common  tree.  It  prefers  a  hard  compact  clay  soil  with 
little  drainage  hence  is  rarely  met  with  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes? 
where  the  soil  is  principally  organic  matter. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  to  red  oak,  but  much  inferior  to  it.  It  is 
tardy  in  the  natural  pruning  of  its  lower  branches,  and  when  the  dead 
branches  break  off  they  usually  do  so  at  some  distance  from  the  trunk. 
The  stumps  of  the  dead  branches  which  penetrate  to  the  center  of  the 
tree  have  given  it  the  name  of  pin  oak.  It  is  also  sometimes  called 
water  oak,  and  swamp  oak. 

For  street  and  ornamental  planting  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable 
oaks  to  use.  It  is  adapted  to  a  moist  soil,  grows  rapidly,  and  produces 
a  dense  shade.  When  grown  in  the  open  it  develops  a  pyramidal  crown. 

The  nut  of  this  species  always'has  a  depressed  form,  except  a  tree  or 
two  in  Wells  County  which  produce  ovate  nuts  which  are  cone-pointed, 
and  in  bulk  about  half  the  size  of  the  ordinary  form.  This  form  should 
be  looked  for  to  ascertain  its  area  of  distribution. 

12.  Quercus  Schneckii  Britton.  SCHNECK'S  OAK.  Plate  51. 
Large  trees;  bark  somewhat  intermediate  between  pin  and  red  oak; 
twigs  gray  by  autumn;  winter  buds  large,  about  0.5  cm.  long,  ovoid, 
glabrous  and  gray;  leaves  on  petioles  2-6  cm.  long,  blades  generally 
8-18  cm.  long,  generally  truncate  at  the  base,  sometimes  wedge-shaped, 


124 
PLATE  50. 


QUERCUS  PALUSTRIS  Muenchhausen.     (x  H-) 

Acorns  from  different  trees.    Those  on  the  left  the  common  form,  those  on 
the  right  the  rare  form. 


125 

PLATE  51. 


QUERCUS  SCHNECKII  Britton.     SCHNECK'S  OAK.     (x 
Specimens  from  type  tree. 


126 

leaves  ovate  to  obovate  in  outline,  divided  into  5-7  lobes,  by  deep 
rounded  and  wide  sinuses,  the  sinuses  cutting  the  blade  to  more  than 
half  way  to  the  midrib,  except  the  leaves  of  lower  branches  that  grow  in 
the  shade,  the  lobes  variable  in  shape  and  size,  usually  the  lowest 
are  the  shortest  and  smaller,  the  middle  the  longest  and  largest,  the 
lobes  are  sometimes  widest  at  the  base,  and  sometimes  widest  at  the 
apex,  the  end  of  the  lobes  are  more  or  less  toothed  or  lobed;  the  leaves 
at  maturity  are  bright  green,  glossy  and  smooth  above,  a  paler  and 
yellow  green  and  smooth  beneath  except  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of 
the  principal  veins;  acorns  solitary  or  in  pairs,  usually  on  stalks  about 
0.5  cm.  long;  nuts  ovoid,  sometimes  broadly  so,  or  oblong,  broad  and 
flat  or  slightly  convex  at  base,  usually  1.5-2  cm.  long,  enclosed  in  the 
cup  from  34-M  their  length;  cups  flat  or  convex  at  the  base:  scales 
generally  pubescent  on  the  back,  gray  or  with  a  reddish  tip  on  those  of 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  or  reddish  gray  and  with  margins  more  or  less 
red  of  trees  of  the  Upper  Wabash  Valley. 

Distribution. — In  Indiana  this  species  has  been  reported  only  from 
Wells,  Bartholomew,  Vermillion,  Knox,  Gibson  and  Posey  Counties. 
This  species  was  not  separated  from  our  common  red  oak  until  after  all 
of  the  local  floras  of  Indiana  had  been  written,  and  it  may  have  a  much 
wider  range  than  is  at  present  known.  In  Wells  County  it  is  the  pre- 
vailing "red  oak"  of  the  count}1-,  and  no  doubt  is  distributed  through- 
out the  Wabash  Valley.  In  this  area  it  is  associated  with  all  moist 
ground  species.  In  the  lower  Wabash  Valley,  especially  in  Gibson, 
Knox  and  Posey  Counties  it  is  associated  with  Spanish,  pin,  and  shingle 
oaks,  sweet  gum,  etc.  Several  trees  were  noted  in  Knox  County  in 
Little  Cypress  swamp  where  it  was  associated  with  cypress,  pin  oak, 
white  elm,  red  maple  and  swell-butt  ash. 

Remarks. — This  anomalous  red  oak  has  a  range  from  Indiana  to 
Texas.  When  the  attention  of  authors  was  directed  to  it,  several  new 
species  were  the  result.  Later  authors  are  not  agreed  as  to  whether 
this  form,  which  has  such  a  wide  range  and  hence  liable  to  show  con- 
siderable variation  within  such  a  long  range,  is  one  or  several  species. 
C.  S.  Sargent  who  for  years  has  studied  this  form  throughout  its  range 
has  seen  the  author's  specimens  and  calls  those  with  shallow  cups 
typical  or  nearly  typical  Quercus  Shumardii  Buckley1  and  those  with  the 
deep  cups  Quercus  Shumardii  variety  Schneckii  (Britton)  Sargent. 

The  writer  has  made  rather  an  intensive  study  of  the  forms  in  Wells 
County  and  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  has  not  been  able  to  satis- 
fy himself  that,  allowing  for  a  reasonable  variation,  there  is  even  a 
varietal  difference  in  Indiana  forms.  The  description  has  been  drawn 
to  cover  all  of  the  forms  of  Indiana. 

iSargent:  Notes  on  North  American  Trees.     Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  65:  424:1918. 


127 

Dr.  J.  Schneck  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois,  was  one  of  the  first  to  dis- 
cover that  this  form  was  not  our  common  red  oak,  and  when  he  called 
Dr.  Britton's  attention  to  it  Dr.  Britton  named  it  Quercus  Schneckii  in 
honor  of  its  discoverer. 

13.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis.     E.  J.  Hill.     HILL'S    OAK.     Plate   52. 
Medium  sized  trees;  inner  bark  yellowish;  twigs  pubescent  at  first,  be- 
coming smooth  and  reddish  brown  by  autumn;  leaves  on  petioles  2-5 
cm.  long,  ovate  to  slightly  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  7-15 
cm.  long,  wedge-shape  or,  truncate  at  the  base,  margin  divided  into  5-7 
long  lobes  by  wide  sinuses  which  usually  extend  to  more  than  half 
way  to  the  midrib,  sinuses  rounded  at  the  base,  lobes  broadest  at  the 
base  or  the  apex,  ending  in  1-7  bristle  points,  leaves  at  first  pubescent, 
both  above  and  below,  soon  becoming  glabrous  above,  and  smooth 
beneath  except  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins;  acorns 
nearly  sessile  or  on  short  stalks,  single  or  in  pairs;  nuts  oval  to  oblong, 
12-20  mm.  long,  enclosed    for  YyY^  their   length  in  the  cup;    scales 
obtuse,  light  reddish-brown,  pubescent  on  the  back;  kernel  pale  yellow 
and  bitter. 

Distribution. — Northwestern  Indiana  to  Manitoba  and  south  to 
Iowa.  In  Indiana  it  has  been  reported  only  from  Lake  and  Porter 
Counties  by  Hill,  and  from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  According  to 
Hill,  who  has  made  the  most  extensive  study  of  the  distribution  of  this 
species  in  our  area,  the  tree  is  found  on  sandy  and  clayey  uplands,  and 
in  moist  sandy  places.  It  closely  resembles  the  pin  oak  for  which  it  has 
been  mistaken.  It  also  resembles  the  black  and  scarlet  oaks.  We  have 
very  little  data  on  the  range  or  distribution  of  the  species  in  this  State. 

14.  Quercus  velutina  Lamarck.       BLACK   OAK.     Plate  53.    Me- 
dium to  large  sized  trees;  inner  bark  yellow  or  orange;  leaves  on  petioles 
2-8  cm.  long,  ovate  oblong  or  obovate,  very  variable  in  outline  and  in 
size,  those  of  young  trees  and  coppice  shoots  being  very  large,  those  of 
mature  trees  usually  12-18  cm.  long,  wedge-shape  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  the  margin  divided  into  5-9  lobes  by  wide  and  usually  deep  sinuses 
which  are  rounded  at  the  base,  the  lobes  variable  in  shape  and  size, 
the  terminals  of  many  of  the  lobes  toothed  or  slightly  lobed  and  ending 
in  one  or  more  bristles,  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides  at  first,  soon 
becoming  smooth,  glossy  and  a  dark  green  above;  leaves  of  fruiting 
branches  usually  smooth  beneath  except  the  tufts  of  brown  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  principal  veins,  or  rarely  more  or  less  pubescent  over  the 
whole  under  surface,  the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  sterile  branches  and 
young  trees  usually  are  the  most  pubescent  beneath,  the  leaves  of  some 
trees  are  much  like  those  of  the  scarlet  oak,  but  on  the  whole  are  larger; 
acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so,  single  or  in  pairs;  nuts  ovoid,  oblong  or  sub 


128 

PLATE  52. 


QUERCUS  ELLIPSOIDALIS   E.    J.    Hill.     HILL'S  OAK.     (x  y2.) 
Specimens  from  type  tree. 


QUERCUS    VELUTINA  Lamarck.       BLACK  OAK.        (x  MO 


130 

globose,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  enclosed  for  about  half  their  length  in  the  cup- 
shaped  cup;  scales  light-brown,  densely  pubescent  on  the  back,  obtuse, 
loose  above  the  middle  of  the  cup;  kernel  bitter. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota, 
southern  Nebraska  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  Found 
throughout  Indiana.  It  was  no  doubt  found  in  every  county  or  nearly 
every  county  of  the  State.  It  of  course  would  be  a  rare  tree  throughout 
the  rich  black  loam  soils  of  the  central  Indiana  counties.  The  black  oak 
is  confined  to  the  poorer  soils  of  the  State,  such  as  clay  and  gravelly 
ridges,  sand  dunes,  sand  ridges,  and  the  hills  of  southern  Indiana  that 
are  not  covered  with  beech  or  white  oak.  It  is  a  frequent  to  a  common 
tree  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  in  the  bottom  lands  where  it 
is  associated  with  Schneck's,  shingle,  and  post  oaks.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  it  is  generally  associated  with  the  white  oak  and  if  the 
soil  is  very  poor  it  will  form  almost  pure  stands.  On  the  poor  ridges  of 
southern  Indiana  it  is  generally  associated  with  the  white,  and  scarlet 
oaks,  and  invades  habitats  still  poorer  which  are  occupied  by  post, 
black  jack,  or  chestnut  oaks.  Wherever  the  black  oak  is  found  it  is 
generally  more  than  a  frequent  tree  and  is  usually  a  common  tree  or 
forms  the  principal  stand.  While  the  black  is  not  so  uniformly  distri- 
buted over  the  State  as  the  white  oak,  yet  in  point  of  numbers  it  nearly 
equals  it,  or  may  even  exceed  it. 

In  Floyd  and  Harrison  Counties  are  certain  small  areas  which  were 
known  to  the  early  settlers  as  the  "barrens."  These  areas  were  treeless. 
They  were  covered  with  a  growth  of  some  sort  of  oak  which  the  natives 
call  "scrub"  oak,  hazel,  and  wild  plum.  The  height  of  the  growth  in 
any  part  would  "not  hide  a  man  on  horse  back."  These  areas  are  now 
all  under  cultivation,  and  are  no  longer  distinguished  from  the  forested 
areas.  However,  many  parts  of  the  barrens  are  now  covered  with 
forests,  but  these  forests  are  a  complete  stand  of  black  oak.  Last  year 
one  of  these  areas  was  cut  off,  and  the  age  of  the  trees  were  ascertained 
to  be  about  65  years  old.  The  barrens  of  southern  Indiana  and  ad- 
lacent  States  offer  a  good  problem  for  ecologists. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  to  that  of  red  oak,  but  often  much  in- 
ferior. The  uses  of  the  best  grades  of  black  oak  are  practically  the  same 
as  red  oak. 

Where  the  black  and  scarlet  oaks  are  associated,  the  scarlet  oak  is 
rarely  separated  from  it.  The  two  species  superficially  much  resemble 
each  other.  The  black  oak  is  always  easily  distinguished  by  cutting  in- 
to the  inner  bark  which  is  yellow,  while  that  of  scarlet  oak  is  gray  or 
reddish.  The  inner  bark  imparts  a  yellow  color  to  spittle,  and  the  scar- 
let does  not.  When  mature  fruiting  branches  are  at  hand  they  may  be 
separated  by  the  appearance  of  the  acorns.  The  scales  of  the  cups  of  the 


131 

black  oak  are  dull,  and  loosely  imbricated  near  the  top  while  those  of  the 
scarlet  oak  are  rather  glossy  and  closely  imbricated.  The  scales  of  the 
scarlet  oak,  however,  become  somewhat  loose  after  the  acorn  has 
matured,  and  fallen  for  some  time. 

This  species  is  sometimes  called  yellow  oak.  Since  the  chinquapin 
oak  is  also  often  called  yellow  oak,  it  is  best  to  always  call  this  species 
black  oak. 

15.  Quercus  coccinea  Muenchhausen.  SCARLET  OAK.  Plate  54. 
Medium  sized  trees  with  bark  resembling  the  black  oak,  inner  bark 
gray  or  reddish;  twigs  reddish  by  autumn;  winter  buds  reddish-brown 
and  pubescent;  leaves  on  petioles  2.5-6  cm.  long,  broadly  oval  to  obo- 
vate,  blades  7-15  cm.  long,  truncate  or  wedge-shape  at  the  base,  the 
blade  divided  into  5-7  lobes  by  deep  and  wide  sinuses  which  cut  the 
blade  more  than  half  the  distance  to  the  midrib,  sinuses  rounded  at  the 
base,  the  lobes  variable  in  size  and  shape,  usually  the  lowest  are  the 
shortest  and  smallest,  the  middle  lobes  the  largest  and  longest,  the 
lobes  widest  either  at  the  base  or  the  apex,  the  terminal  part  toothed 
or  lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  generally  3-lobed  or  3-toothed,  both  surfaces 
of  the  leaves  at  first  pubescent,  soon  smooth  and  a  dark  glossy  green 
above,  and  paler  and  smooth  beneath  except  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of 
the  principal  veins;  acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nuts 
ovoid  to  oblong,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  enclosed  for  about  half  their  length  in 
the  thick  cup-shape  cup;  scales  triangular  but  blunt,  closely  appressed, 
pubescent  on  the  back  except  the  center  which  is  generally  elevated 
and  smooth  and  shiny,  giving  the  cup  a  glossy  appearance  which  easily 
separates  it  from  its  nearest  ally  the  black  oak  whose  cup  is  a  dull,  ash 
or  reddish  gray  color;  kernel  white  within,  and  less  bitter  than  the  black 
oak. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario  to  southern  Nebraska,  south 
to  North  Carolina,  Alabama  and  Arkansas.  It  has  been  reported  for  the 
northwest  counties  and  the  southern  part  of  Indiana,  but  we  have  no 
records  for  the  east-central  portion  of  the  State.  Clark  reports  it  as 
common  about  Winona  Lake,  but  does  not  report  Quercus  velutina 
which  is  a  common  tree  of  the  vicinity,  and  it  is  believed  that  Clark 
has  confused  the  two  species.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  its 
habitat  is  that  of  sand  and  gravel  ridges  associated  with  black  oak. 
In  the  hill  part  of  southern  Indiana  it  is  intimately  associated  with  the 
black  oak  on  the  poorer  ridges.  We  have  no  authentic  records  for  the 
southwestern  counties.  The  author  has  Schneck's  specimens  on  which 
the  record  for  Gibson  and  Posey  County  was  based.  I  determined  the 
specimens  as  belonging  to  the  Spanish  oak,  and  William  Trelease 
verified  the  determination.  I  have  no  doubt  that  scarlet  oak  occurred 
on  the  sand  ridges  of  that  area. 


132 

PLATE  54. 


QUERCUS  COCCINEA  Muenehhausen.     SCARLET  OAK.     (x  Y2.) 


133 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  it  is  a  rare  or  infrequent  tree,  while 
in  favorable  habitats  in  the  hill  country  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree. 

Remarks. — Wood  similar  but  much  inferior  to  red  oak.  The  cut  in 
this  State  is  marketed  as  black  oak,  from  which  it  is  rarely  separated. 

16.  Quercus  falcata  Michaux.  SPANISH  OAK.  Plate  55. 
Large  trees;  bark  thick,  rather  deeply  fissured,  furrows  usually  narrow, 
ridges  generally  broad  and  broken  into  short  lengths,  the  outer  bark 
is  reddish,  except  sometimes  it  becomes  grayish  by  weathering;  twigs 
densely  pubescent  at  first,  remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  during 
the  first  year,  or  becoming  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  a  reddish  brown 
by  autumn;  leaves  on  petioles  0.5-6  cm.  long,  ordinarily  about  2-3  cm. 
long,  blades  very  variable  in  outline,  ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  obovate, 
usually  somewhat  curved,  wedge-shaped,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  shallow  or  deeply  lobed,  generally  about  %  of  the  distance  to  the 
midrib;  lobes  3-11,  commonly  5-9,  the  number,  size  and  shape  of  the 
lobes  exceedingly  variable,  the  longest  lateral  lobes  are  generally  near 
the  middle  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  the  lowest  pair,  sometimes  the  upper 
pair  are  the  longest,  terminal  lobe  triangular  or  oblong,  generally  widest 
at  the  base,  although  frequently  widest  at  the  apex,  lateral  lobes  widest 
at  the  base  and  gradually  becoming  narrower,  towards  the  apex,  rarely 
somewhat  wider  at  the  apex,  generally  somewhat  curved,  lobes  generally 
sharp-pointed,  sometimes  wide-angled  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  margins 
of  lobes  entire,  wavy,  toothed  or  lobed,  sinuses  wide  and  rounded  at  the 
base;  leaves  densely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  at  first,  gradually 
becoming  smooth  and  dark  green  above  by  autumn,  the  under  surface 
remaining  covered  with  a  tomentum  which  is  grayish  or  yellowish; 
acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nuts  broadly  ovoid, 
generally  10-12  mm.  long,  broadly  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  enclosed  about  one-half  their  length  by  the  cup;  cups  strongly 
convex  at  the  base;  scales  blunt,  grayish  and  pubescent  on  their  backs, 
their  margins  reddish  and  generally  smooth. 

Distribution. — New  Jersey  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  west 
to  Texas.  The  known  distribution  in  Indiana  would  be  that  part  of  the 
State  south  of  a  line  drawn  from  Vincennes  to  North  Madison.  It  is 
local  except  in  the  southwestern  counties.  In  our  area  it  is  found  on 
both  high  and  low  ground.  In  Jefferson  and  Clark  Counties  it  is  found 
only  in  the  flats  where  it  is  associated  with  beech,  sweet  gum,  pin  oak, 
red  maple  and  black  gum.  A  colony  was  found  in  Washington  County 
on  high  ground,  about  eight  miles  southwest  of  Salem  associated  with 
black  and  post  oak.  In  Harrison  County  about  two  miles  southeast 
of  Corydon  it  was  found  on  the  crest  of  a  ridge  with  white  and  black 
oak.  In  Daviess  County  about  four  miles  east  of  Washington  it  is 


134 

PLATE  55. 


QUERCUS  FALCATA  Michaux.     SPANISH  OAK.     (x 


135 

associated  with  black  and  post  oak.  In  Knox,  Gibson,  Pike  and  War- 
rick  Counties  it  is  local  on  sand  ridges  with  black  oak.  It  occurs  in  the 
greatest  abundance  in  the  river  bottoms  of  Gibson,  Posey  and  Spencer 
Counties,  where  it  is  generally  associated  with  pin,  Schneck's,  shingle, 
swamp  white,  black  and  post  oaks,  and  sweet  gum.  In  the  last  named 
counties  it  is  fairly  well  distributed,  and  is  a  frequent  to  a  common 
tree.  Brown's1  report  for  Fountain  County  should  not  be  recognized 
without  a  verifying  specimen,  since  his  list  was  compiled  from  a  list 
of  common  names  of  the  trees  which  he  obtained. 

Remarks. — Wood  and  uses  similar  to  that  of  red  oak.  In  Indiana 
it  is  all  sold  as  red  oak.  In  all  parts  of  its  range  in  Indiana  it  is  known  as 
red  or  black  oak.  However,  the  best  accepted  common  name  of  this 
species  throughout  its  range  is  Spanish  oak,  and  since  no  other  species 
is  known  by  this  name,  it  should  be  used  for  this  species. 

The  bark  of  this  species  varies  considerably  in  color  and  tightness. 
The  leaves  are  exceedingly  variable  in  form.  The  leaves  on  the  same 
tree  will  vary  from  3-lobed  to  11-lobed.  Usually  the  lobing  is  deepest 
in  the  leaves  nearest  the  top  of  the  tree.  Leaves  of  small  trees,  coppice 
shoots,  and  of  the  lower  branches  of  some  trees  are  often  all  or  for  the 
greater  part  3-lobed.  The  color  of  the  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface 
the  leaves  varies  from  a  gray  to  a  yellow-gray.  The  variations  have 
lead  authors  to  divide  this  polymorphic  species  into  several  species  and 
varieties.  The  author  has  included  all  the  forms  that  occur  in  Indiana 
under  one  name. 

This  species  is  variously  known  as  Quercus  digitata,  Quercus  triloba, 
Quercus  pagodaefolia,  and  by  the  most  recent  authors  as  Quercus  pagoda 
and  Quercus  rubra  and  its  varieties.  Specimens  in  the  authors  collec- 
tion from  Jefferson  County  were  reported  by  Sargent2  as  Quercus 
rubra  var.  triloba. 

17.  Quercus  marilandica  Muenchhausen.  BLACK  JACK  OAK. 
Plate  56.  Mature  trees  generally  10-30  cm.  in  diameter;  bark  resembles 
that  of  a  gnarled  black  oak;  twigs  generally  scurvy-pubescent  the  first 
year;  leaves  on  petioles  from  nearly  sessile  to  2.5  cm.  long,  usually  less 
than  a  cm.  long,  blades  7-15  cm.  long,  broadly  obovate,  often  almost  as 
wide  as  long,  narrowly  rounded  at  the  base,  with  three  primary  lobes 
at  the  apex,  sometimes  with  two  small  lateral  lobes,  the  apex  is  some- 
times almost  rounded  and  the  position  where  the  lobes  usually  occur 
is  indicated  by  three  primary  veins  which  end  in  a  bristle,  the  apex 
of  the  leaf  is  generally  about  equally  divided  into  three  lobes  by  two 
very  shallow  rounded  sinuses,  the  lobes  are  rounded  or  merely  acute, 
sometimes  the  terminal  lobes  develop  a  secondary  lobe,  leaves  very 

,Brown:  Trees  of  Fountain  County,  Ind.  Geol.  Kept.  Vol.  11:123:1882 
2Sargent:  Notes  on  North  American  Trees.     Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  65.427.1! 


136 

PLATE   56. 


QUERCUS  MARILANDICA  Muenchhausen.    BLACK  JACK  OAK.     (x  Yz.) 


137 

pubescent  both  above  and  beneath  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
smooth  and  glossy  above  at  maturity,  and  remaining  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath;  acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so,  single  or  in  pairs;  nuts 
ovoid  or  oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  broadly  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded  or 
somewhat  conic  at  the  apex,  enclosed  for  about  half  their  length  in  the 
cup-shaped  cup;  scales  blunt,  not  closely  appressed,  pubescent  on  back, 
light  reddish-brown;  kernel  bitter. 

Distribution. — New  York  to  Nebraska,  south  to  Florida  and  west 
to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  known  to  the  author  from  Sullivan,  Greene 
and  Clark  Counties  and  south  west  ward.  It  has  been  reported  from 
Jefferson  County  by  Barnes  which  is  no  doubt  correct.  Doubtful 
records  are  those  by  Brown  for  Fountain  County,  Miami  County  by 
Gorby,  and  Phinney's  report  for  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph 
and  Wayne  Counties.  It  has  been  reported  for  the  vicinity  of  Chicago 
by  Higley  and  Raddin.  It  may  be  local  on  sterile,  sandy  ridges  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  State,  but  very  local  if  it  does  occur.  It  is 
generally  found  in  very  poor  soil  on  the  crest  of  ridges  associated 
with  black  and  post  oak.  However,  it  has  been  found  in  Greene, 
Sullivan  and  Knox  counties  on  sand  ridges  and  at  the  base  of  sand 
ridges  associated  with  black  and  post  oak.  The  species  has  a  very 
limited  mass  distribution  and  is  only  occasionally  found  and  in  colonies 
of  a  few  trees  each. 

Remarks. — Trees  too  small  and  scarce  to  be  of  any  economic  im- 
portance. 

ULMACEAE.     THE  ELM  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple,  alternate,  2-ranked,  petioled  leaves; 
sepals  3-9,  petals  none,  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them,  stigmas  2. 

Branchlets  with  solid  pith;  leaves  with  primary  veins  parallel; 

flowers  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season 1  Ulmus. 

Branchlets  with  chambered  pith  at  the  nodes;  leaves  3-veined 

at  the  base;  flowers  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  season. ...   2  Celtis. 

1.     ULMUS.     THE  ELMS. 

Trees  with  furrowed  bark;  leaves  short  petioled,  with  lateral  veins 
prominent  and  parallel,  oblique  or  unequally  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  mostly  double-serrate;  flowers  of  Indiana 
species  expanding  before  the  leaves  in  March  or  April;  fruit  a  samara 
surrounded  with  a  wide  membranous  margin,  maturing  in  the  spring. 


138 

Inner   bark  mucilaginous;  leaves  very  rough  above;  flowers 

nearly  sessile;  fruit  not  ciliate 1  U.  fulva. 

Inner  bark  not  mucilaginous;  leaves  smooth  or  somewhat  rough 

above;  flowers  on  slender  pedicils;  fruit  ciliate. 

Branches  without  corky  wings;  sides  of  samara  glabrous....   2  U.  americana. 
Branches  (at  least  some  of  them)  with  corky  wings;  at  least 

one  side  of  the  samara  pubescent. 

Buds  ovate,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  obtuse,  or  short- 
pointed,  dark  brown;  scales  pubescent  and  ciliate; 
leaves  usually  not  twice  a,s  long  as  wide,  base  of 

petiole  glabrous  beneath;  calyx  lobes  7-9 3  U.  Thomasi. 

Buds  small,  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  very  sharp- 
pointed,  light  brown;  scales  glabrous  or  merely 
puberulent;  leaves  usually  twice  as  long  as  wide,  base 
of  petiole  pubescent  all  around 4  U.  alata. 

1.  Ulmus  fulva  Michaux.  SLIPPERY  ELM.  RED  ELM.  Plate  57 
Fairly  large  trees  with  deeply  fissured  reddish-brown  bark  without 
white  streaks  between  the  layers  of  the  ridges,  twigs  very  pubescent 
and  green  at  first,  becoming  gray  or  reddish-brown  at  the  end  of  the 
season  and  remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  for  a  year  or  more;  buds 
ovate,  a  very  dark  reddish  brown,  the  scales  more  or  less  pubescent; 
leaves  ovate,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  average  blades  8-15  cm.  long, 
hairy  on  both  surfaces  at  first,  remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath 
until  maturity,  and  becoming  very  rough  above  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs  remaining,  fragrant  when  dried,  fragrance  remaining  for  years; 
fruit  ripening  the  last  of  April  or  the  first  of  May  before  or  with  the  un- 
folding of  the  leaves;  samaia  orbicular  or  obovate,  usually  longer  than 
wide,  average  size  13-17  mm.  long  and  9-12  mm.  wide,  the  margin  as 
wide  or  wider  than  the  seed,  margin  glabrous,  seed  densely  pubescent 
on  both  sides;  wood  hard,  strong,  light  when  well  seasoned  and.  not 
warping  as  badly  as  white  elm. 

Distribution. — Quebec  south  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  Nebraska 
and  North  Dakota.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  In  the  prairies  or  in 
the  "flats"  it  may  be  absent  in  one  or  more  contiguous  counties  and 
may  be  entirely  absent  on  the  crests  and  upper  slopes  of  ridges.  It 
prefers  a  moist  well  drained  soil,  and  where  it  is  found  it  is  usually 
a  frequent  to  a  common  tree,  although  rarely  is  it  found  as  a  very 
common  tree.  It  is  usually  associated  with  sugar  maple,  beech,  white 
ash,  linn,  tulip,  white  oak,  etc. 

Remarks. — This  tree  usually  is  from  3-6  dm.  in  diameter  and  tall 
for  its  diameter.  However,  larger  trees  occur.  In  the  Ind.  Geol. 
Kept.  6:70:1875  mention  is  made  of  a  tree  in  Jackson  County  that  was 
"18  feet  in  circumference."  The  uses  of  the  wood  are  similar  to  that 
of  white  elm.  The  inner  bark  collected  in  spring  is  much  used  in 
medicine  under  the  name  of  slippery  elm. 


ULMUS  FULVA     Miehaux.     RED  or  SLIPPERY  ELM.     (x 


140 

2.  Ulmus  americana  Linnaeus.  WHITE  ELM.  Plate  58. 
Large  trees;  bark  deeply  fissured,  gray,  the  ridges  showing  white 
streaks  between  the  layers;  twigs  more  or  less  hairy  at  first  and  usually 
becoming  glabrous  by  the  end  of  the  season;  buds  ovate,  acute  and 
glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  average  blades  8-12  cm.  long, 
hairy  on  both  sides  on  expanding,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous 
above  and  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  very  rough  on  vigorous  young 
shoots,  remaining  pubescent  beneath,  rarely  glabrous;  fruit  ripening 
before  or  as  the  leaves  unfold,  generally  oval  in  shape,  about  1  cm. 
long,  both  surfaces  glabrous,  margins  about  as  wide  as  the  seed  and 
fringed  with  hairs;  wood  hard,  tough,  flexible,  generally  hard  to  split, 
warps  badly  in  seasoning. 

Distribution. — Quebec  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas  and  Nebraska. 
Found  throughout  Indiana,  and  doubtless  in  every  county.  It  is  fre- 
quent to  common  or  very  common  on  the  flood  plains  of  streams,  in 
wet  woods  and  in  low  ground  generally. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  also  called  water  elm,  swamp  elm,  gray 
elm,  bitter  elm,  sour  elm  and  in  southwestern  counties  it  is  often  called 
red  elm.  In  Perry  County  it  is  often  called  hub  elm.  It  is  generally 
known  as  "elm"  and  when  this  term  is  used,  it  refers  to  this  species. 
The  wood  has  a  very  wide  range  of  uses.  The  greatest  amount  has  been 
used  for  hoops,  staves  and  heading.  Large  quantities  have  been  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  hubs,  furniture, 
basket  handles,  etc.  White  elm  is  usually  considered  very  difficult 
to  split,  but  I  was  informed  by  a  pioneer  timber  cutter  that  the  heart 
wood  of  the  veterans  of  the  forest  splits  as  well  as  oak,  and  that  he 
worked  many  a  tree  up  into  staves.  He  told  me  that  he  made  into 
staves  a  tree  in  Paul  ding  County,  Ohio,  that  was  eight  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  stump.  There  is  little  attempt  being  made  by  woodlot  owners  to 
propagate  this  tree.  However,  the  natural  propagation  of  the  species  is 
probably  greater  than  any  other  species  because  it  produces  seed  at  an 
early  age,  and  culls  of  the  forest  are  not  cut  because  they  are  not 
good  for  fuel  which  leaves  them  to  produce  seed.  Then  the  seed  are 
light,  and  are  scattered  to  great  distances  by  the  wind  and  water.  It 
is  propagated  very  easily  from  seedlings. 

The  tree  when  grown  in  the  open  has  a  tendency  to  be  bushy  and 
unless  it  is  given  some  pruning  will  have  a  very  short  clear  trunk. 
It  has  always  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  species  for  shade  tree 
planting.  For  beauty  of  form  it  is  not  excelled  by  any  tree  for  shade 
or  ornamental  planting.  However,  it  has  several  insect  enemies  that 
require  spraying  to  keep  them  under  control. 


141 

PLATE  58. 


ULMUS  AMERICANA   Linnaeus.     WHITE  ELM.     (x 


142 

3.  Ulmus  Thomasi  Sargent.     HICKORY  ELM.     ROCK  ELM.    Plate 
59.     Large  trees;  bark  deeply  fissured  and  grayish  like  the  bark  of  the 
white  elm;  twigs  light  brown,  generally  densely  hairy  and  remaining 
more  or  less  pubescent  until  the  end  of  the  season  or  later,  the  twigs 
of  some  specimens  are  glabrous  or  only  slightly  hairy  at  first  and  soon 
become  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  after  the  first  year  some  of  the 
branchlets  begin  to  develop  1-4  corky  ridges  from  a  few  millimeters  to 
5  or  6  mm.  in  thickness,  the  ridges  are  wide  and  rounded  at  the  top, 
dark  gray,  brown  and  discontinuous,  rarely  a  corky  ridge  will  appear  on 
a  branchlet   the    first  year;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  average  blades 
8-15  cm.  long,  at  maturity  glabrous  and  smooth  or  rough  to  very  rough 
above,  permanently  pubescent  beneath  especially  on  the  veins;  fruit 
ripens  late  in  May  or  early  in  June  when  the  leaves  are  from  ]/2  to  % 
grown;  samara  oval,  usually  1.5-2  cm.  long,  oblique  at  the  base,  with  a 
beak  2-5  mm.  long  at  the  apex,  both  faces  pubescent,  wing  about  as  wide 
as  the  seed;  wood  hard  heavy,  strong,  flexible,  uses  the  same  as  white 
elm. 

Distribution. — Southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  south  to  northern 
New  Jersey  and  west  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri.  The  distribution  in 
Indiana  has  not  been  studied.  The  frequency  of  its  occurrence  is  not 
known,  and  all  of  the  known  stations  are  given.  The  published  records 
are  as  follows:  Dearborn  (Collins);  Franklin  (Meyncke);  Hamilton 
(Wilson);  Jefferson  (Barnes)  and  (Deam);  Noble  (VanGorder);  Parke 
(Hobbs) ;  St.  Joseph  (Nieuwland) ;  Steuben  (Bradner) ;  Wayne  (Petry 
and  Markle);  Wells  (Deam).  Additional  records  are  Hendricks,  Noble, 
Ripley,  Vermillion  and  Wayne  by  Deam.  The  published  record  for 
Posey  County  by  Deam  and  Schneck  should  be  referred  to  Ulmus 
alata.  It  prefers  a  well  drained  soil  and  is  most  frequently  found  near 
the  base  of  the  slope  or  on  the  top  of  flood  plain  banks  of  streams,  in 
ravines,  or  in  a  habitat  like  a  beech-sugar  maple  woods.  It  is  reported 
to  have  been  frequent  in  Franklin,  Noble  and  Wells  Counties. 

Its  appearance  and  habit  of  growth  is  so  much  like  the  white  elm 
that  it  is  not  commonly  distinguished  from  it,  which  accounts  for  the 
lack  of  definite  knowledge  of  its  range  in  our  area. 

4.  Ulmus    alata    Michaux.     WINGED     ELM.     Plate  60.      Small 
to  medium  sized  trees;  bark  rather  closely  fissured,  grayish  or  reddish- 
brown,  in  appearance  like  white  elm;  twigs  hairy  at   first,     generally 
remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout   the  season,  rarely  be- 
coming entirely  glabrous  before  the  end  of  the  season,   a  light  brown 
gradually  becoming  a  gray-brown;  branchlets  usually  begin  to  develop 
two  thin  narrow  corky  ridges,  becoming  by  the  end  of  the  second 
year  4-7  mm.  thick,  the  year's  growth  of  corky  layer  a  light  brown, 
the  older  layers  a  darker  brown,  the  two  mam  corky  ridges  are  on  oppo- 


ULMUS  THOMASI  Sargent.     HICKORY  or  ROCK  ELM.     (x 


144 

PLATE  60. 


ULMUS  ALATA  Michaux.     WINGED  ELM.     (x 


145 

site  sides  of  the  twigs,  and  between  these  there  are  generally  additional 
corky  excrescences,  especially  on  the  older  branches;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  oval,  some  somewhat  falcate,  average  blades  4-8  cm.  long, 
pubescent  on  both  sides  on  unfolding,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  above,  some  are  rough  above  at  maturity,  remaining  pube- 
scent until  maturity  beneath;  petioles  short,  generally  2-3  mm.  long, 
rarely  5  mm.  or  longer;  fruit  ripening  before  or  with  the  unfolding  of  the 
leaves;  samara  6-10  mm.  long,  pubescent  on  both  faces. 

Distribution. — Virginia  west  through  southern  Indiana  to  southern 
Missouri,  south  to  the  Gulf  and  west  to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  con- 
fined to  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State.  Gorby's  report  for  Miami 
should  be  ignored.  It  has  been  reported  as  far  north  as  Vigo  and 
Monroe  Counties  by  Blatchley,  and  as  far  east  as  Clark  County  by 
Baird  and  Taylor.  The  author  has  collected  it  in  Crawford,  Dubois, 
Martin,  Orange,  Perry,  Posey,  Spencer  and  Warrick  Counties. 

The  tree  has  two  rather  distinct  habitats.  In  the  hill  counties  it 
is  found  on  the  sides  of  cliffs,  steep  slopes  or  on  the  top  of  the  ridges 
with  such  species  as  the  black,  chestnut  and  scarlet  oaks  and  chestnut. 
In  this  habitat  it  is  usually  a  small  scrubby  tree  with  an 
excessive  number  of  side  branches.  Such  specimens  usually  have  the 
corky  ridges  well  developed  on  all  of  the  branches  and  the  tree  presents  a 
weird  appearance.  The  second  habitat  is  in  the  hard  clay  flats  of  the 
southwestern  counties.  In  Warrick  County  along  Big  Pigeon  Creek 
west  of  Boonville  I  measured  a  specimen  21  dm.  in  circumference  and  I 
estimated  the  clear  bole  at  8  m.  It  was  associated  with  sweet  gum,  black 
gum,  white  elm,  red  birch,  red  oak,  etc.  It  is  found  throughout  this 
county  both  in  the  "flats"  and  on  the  sandy  ridges.  In  Posey  County  it 
is  a  frequent  tree  in  the  low  woods  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Mt. 
Vernon.  In  these  woods  it  acquires  a  diameter  of  3-6  dm.  and  is  asso- 
ciated with  post  oak,  Spanish  oak,  sweet  gum,  shingle  oak,  etc.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  specimens  that  grow  in  these  conditions  and  those  that 
acquire  a  large  size  do  not  develop  such  conspicuous  corky  branches. 
A  large  tree  over  6  dm.  in  diameter  was  noted  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Gibson  County  growing  in  low  sandy  soil  which  was  destitute  of  corky 
branches  so  far  as  could  be  seen  from  the  ground.  All  of  the  branches 
examined  were  free  from  corky  ridges,  and  only  a  few  corky  excrescences 
were  present.  The  specimen  could  easily  be  identified  by  the  leaves. 
Another  large  tree  12  dm.  in  circumference  in  a  black  oak  woods  4  miles 
south  of  Marengo  in  Crawford  County  was  also  free  from  corky  ridges. 

This  is  an  interesting  tree  and  requires  further  study  to  establish  its 
range  in  Indiana  and  to  learn  its  habits.  In  Jasper,  Indiana,  it  is  a 
frequent  shade  tree.  No  doubt  the  trees  were  obtained  from  a  nearby 
woods  along  the  Patoka  River  where  this  species  is  known  to  occur. 


146 

2.     CELTIS.     THE  HACKBERRIES. 

Trees  with  pith  of  branchlets  chambered;  flowers  in  Indiana  species 
appear  before  the  leaves,  the  leaves  generally  with  3  primary  veins  at  the 
base;  staminate  flowers  usually  in  clusters,  the  pistillate  solitary  or 
few  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  near  the  end  of  the  twigs ; 
fruit  a  globose  drupe,  sometimes  elongated,  pulp  thin  and  sweet,  fre- 
quently remaining  on  the  tree  until  late  winter,  relished  by  birds;  stone 
bony,  wrinkled. 

Some  of  the  American  species  of  hackberry  are  very  variable.  The 
habitat  of  the  species  varies  from  deep  swamps-to  arid  rocky  slopes.  In 
fact,  a  single  species  as  now  understood  may  have  a  variable  habitat. 
The  following  variations  may  be  noted  on  the  same  tree  or  on  different 
trees  of  the  same  species.  The  twigs  may  be  glabrous,  or  pubescent; 
the  leaves  may  vary  in  size,  shape  and  texture,  leaf  margin,  and  in  the 
roughness  or  smoothness  of  the  surfaces;  the  petioles  may  be  smooth 
or  hairy;  the  pedicels  may  be  glabrous  or  pubescent,  shorter  or  longer 
than  the  petioles;  the  fruit  also  varies  in  shape.  Leaves  have  been  seen 
on  the  same  tree  which  were  smooth  above,  while  others  were  quite 
rough  above,  the  difference  being  due  to  the  exposure  to  light. 

The  original  descriptions  of  the  species  are  too  short  to  sufficiently 
characterize  the  species,  which  adds  to  the  confusion.  However,  C.  S. 
Sargent1  has  recently  revised  the  species  and  varieties  of  our  area. 

Prof.  Sargent  has  examined  and  named  all  of  my  material  for  me. 
Mr.  B.  F.  Bush,  who  has  extensively  studied  the  hackberries  in  the 
field,  also  has  examined  my  specimens. 

The  writer  has  paid  special  attention  to  the  hackberries  of  the  State 
for  the  past  few  years  and  is  still  in  doubt  as  to  the  status  of  the  species 
that  occur  in  the  State.  Since  I  am  not  following  the  determinations 
made  by  Sargent  and  Bush,  and  am  following  the  nomenclature  of  the 
first  edition,  I  regard  the  present  treatment  as  tentative  only. 

Margins  of  all  the  leaves  sharply  serrate  all  around  except  at 

base;  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long 1C.    occidentalis. 

Margins  of  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  generally  entire,  or 

some  with  a  few  teeth  on  one  side  or  with  a  few  teeth  on 

both  sides;  margins  of  the  leaves  of  vegetative  branches 

and  shoots  similar  to  those  of  fruiting  branches  or  with 

the  margins  serrate  nearly  all  around;  nutlets 5-6  mm.  long. 

Leaves  of  a  rather  broad  ovate  type;  mature  fruit  a  dark 

cherry-red;  usually  shrubs,  sometimes  very  small  trees, 

of  a  dry  habitat 2  C.  pumila. 

Leaves  of  an  ovate-lanceolate  type;  mature  fruit  a  light 

cherry-red;  medium-sized  trees  of  a  wet  habitat 3  C.  mississippi- 

ensis. 


iBot.  Gaz.  Vol.  67:217-229:1919. 


147 

PLATE   61. 


CELTIS  OCCIDENTALS  Linnaeus.     HACKBERRY.     (x 


148 

1.  Celtis  occidentalis    Linnaeus.     HACKBERRY.     Plate    61.     Me- 
dium to  large-sized  trees;  bark  of  old  trees  irregularly  furrowed,  some- 
times some  of  the  surface  warty  and  rough;  twigs  smooth  or  pubescent, 
the  fruiting  ones  generally  smooth;  leaves  of  an  ovate  type  on  petioles 
0.5-2  cm.  long,  the  blades  of  fruiting  twigs  5-15  cm.  long,  those  of  veg- 
tative  twigs  sometimes   larger,   oblique  or  slightly  cordate  at   base, 
gradually  tapering  to  a  point  at  apex,  or  long  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
often  becoming  thick  at  maturity,  especially  those  exposed  to  full  sun- 
light, generally  smooth  above  at  maturity,  especially  those  of  fruiting 
twigs,  or  sometimes  rough,  especially  those  of  vegetative  branchlets  or 
those  growing  in  the  shade,  the  under  surface  more  or  less  pubescent 
along  the  veins  at  maturity;  fruit  matures  in  late  autumn,  very  dark  red, 
sometimes  appearing  almost  black,  globose  or  somewhat  oblong,  general- 
ly about  9-10  mm.  in  diameter,  borne  on  pedicels  which  are  longer  or  up 
to  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles;  the  pedicels  which  are  always  ascending 
are  straight  or  somewhat  curved  upwards;  nutlets  globose,  a  little  longer 
than  wide. 

Distribution. — Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  southern  Ontario, 
to  North  Dakota,  and  south  to  the  Gulf  States  and  west  to  Texas. 
More  or  less  frequent  along  streams  throughout  the  State,  except  in  the 
hilly  counties  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  always  found  in 
moist  soil,  except  in  the  hilly  counties  where  it  may  be  found  on  wooded 
slopes  or  on  high  rocky  bluffs  bordering  streams.  In  all  of  our  area  the 
species  is  practically  confined  to  drainage  basins,  and  is  generally  close 
to  streams. 

Remarks. — The  wood  is  yellowish-white  and  before  seasoning  very 
much  resembles  ash  for  which  it  was  generally  sold.  It  has  good  bending 
qualities  and  is  now  much  sought  after  for  hoops.  It  was  formerly 
often  known  as  hoop  ash.  The  supply  is  now  becoming  scarce,  but 
when  bought  sells  for  the  same  price  as  good  white  elm. 

Some  writers  include  under  the  name  Celtis  occidentalis  only  those 
forms  which  are  small  trees  and  have  ovate,  short-pointed  leaves.  This 
type  of  tree  has  not  been  found  in  Indiana.  The  form  with  long 
acuminate  pointed  leave  which  is  the  common  form  in  our  area,  is 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  Celtis  occidentalis.  Trees  having  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaves  very  rough  are  called  Celtis  crassifolia  Lamarck, 
or  are  merely  regarded  as  a  variety  of  Celtis  occidentalis.  This  form 
is  found  throughout  our  area. 

The  hackberry  is  sometimes  used  as  a  shade  tree.  It  can  scarcely  be 
recommended  because  its  leaves  and  twigs  are  often  affected  by  galls 
which  detract  from  its  appearance. 

2.  Celtis    pumila   (Muhlenberg)     Pursh.      DWARF    HACKBERRY. 
Plate  62.     Bark  thin,  smooth    and  gray  on    shrub-like  forms,  warty 


149 

PLATE  62. 


CELTIS  PUMILA  var.  DEAMII  Sargent.     DWARF  HACKBERRY.      (x 


150 

or  deeply  fissured  on  the  larger  forms;  ridges  flat  and  broken,  dark  gray- 
brown;  twigs  at  first  hairy,  becoming  smooth  or  nearly  so  by  autumn; 
leaves  of  an  ovate  type,  broadly-ovate,  oblong-ovate  to  narrow  ovate, 
on  petioles  0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  blades  of  fruiting  branchlets  3-10  cm.  long, 
those  of  sterile  twigs  sometimes  larger,  oblique,  rounded  or  somewhat 
cordate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  sometimes  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
margins  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth  usually  about  or  above  the  middle, 
becoming  thick  and  smooth  above  at  maturity,  sometimes  rough, 
especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  generally  somewhat  pubescent  along  the 
veins  beneath;  fruit  matures  late  in  the  autumn,  usually  an  orange  or 
light  cherry  color  late  in  summer,  becoming  a  very  dark  cherry  color 
late  in  the  autumn,  globose  to  ellipsoidal,  on  pedicels  about  as  long  as 
the  petioles;  sometimes  the  pedicels  are  shorter  but  usually  about  one- 
half  longer;  pedicels  generally  ascending,  rarely  recurved,  when  recurved 
the  pedicels  are  short. 

Distribution. — Pennsylvania  to  northern  Illinois,  south  to  Florida 
and  west  to  Arkansas.  Local  in  Indiana.  It  has  been  collected  by  the 
writer  in  Lake  County  near  the  mouth  of  the  Grand  Calumet  River 
where  it  was  collected  by  E.  J.  Hill  who  has  given  us  the  most  detailed 
account  of  this  species.  Also  collected  on  a  high,  gravelly  hill  on  the 
east  side  of  Hog-back  Lake,  Steuben  County;  on  a  rocky  wooded  slope 
in  Hamar's  Hollow  southeast  of  Mitchell  in  Lawrence  County;  on  a 
"knob"  in  Floyd  County;  on  a  rocky  wooded  slope  near  Big  Spring 
in  Washington  County;  frequent  on  a  rocky  wooded  slope  near  the 
Ohio  River  east  of  Elizabeth  in  Harrison  County;  on  the  bank  of  Blue 
River  near  Milltown  in  Crawford  County;  and  in  Perry  County 
along  the  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River  about  six  miles  east  of  Cannelton, 
and  also  on  the  crest  of  a  ridge  about  six  miles  southwest  of  Derby. 
It  has  also  been  reported  by  Nieuwland  for  Clark  in  Marshall  County. 

Remarks.- — This  species  is  usually  a  small  shrub,  and  usually  bears 
fruit  when  only  1.5-2  meters  (5  or  6  feet)  tall.  Only  a  few  trees  have 
been  seen  that  were  40  cm.  (4  inches)  in  diameter.  The  small  size  at 
which  this  species  fruits,  easily  distinguishes  it  from  other  species  in 
our  area.  Its  habitat  also  serves  to  distinguish  it.  Along  Lake  Michi- 
gan it  grows  on  the  dry  sand  dunes,  and  in  southern  Indiana  it  grows  on 
dry  rocky  slopes. 

Sargent  who  has  examined  all  of  my  specimens  credits  Indiana  with 
the  typical  species,  and  separates  from  it  a  form  which  he  calls  Celtis 
pumila  variety  Deamii2.  This  variety  is  based  upon  my  No.  18,727, 
and  the  type  specimen  has  been  photographed  to  illustrate  this  species. 

'Hill:  Notes  on  Celtis  pumila,  etc.     Bui.  Torrey  Club:  Vol:27:496-505:1900. 
2Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  67:228-229:1919. 


151 

The  writer  is  not  able  to  separate  the  two  forms  in  our  area,  and  believes 
that  all  belong  either  to  Celtis  pumila  or  to  the  new  variety. 

3.  Celtis  mississippiensis  Bosc.  (Celtis  laevigata  Willdenow)- 
SUGARBERRY.  HACKBERRY.  Plate  63.  Medium  sized  trees  with  the 
bark  of  the  trunk  of  large  trees  irregularly  covered  with  wart-like 
excrescences,  rarely  somewhat  irregularly  fissured,  bark  of  the  upper 
part  of  trunk  and  larger  branches  resembling  that  of  the  beech;  leaves 
of  an  ovate-lanceolate  type,  as  a  whole  narrower  than  the  preceding 
species;  on  petioles  5-12  mm.  long,  blades  of  fruiting  twigs  4-8  cm.  long, 
usually  rounded  at  the  base,  sometimes  oblique,  slightly  cordate  or 
somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  gradually  long-taper  pointed 
at  apex,  margins  generally  entire,  rarely  a  few  teeth  toward  the  apex, 
green  on  both  surfaces,  generally  mature  leaves  are  smooth  above  and 
below,  more  rarely  somewhat  rough  above,  and  with  some  pubescence 
along  the  veins  beneath;  fruit  in  late  summer  an  orange  red  color, 
gradually  becoming  darker  until  late  autumn  when  it  becomes  red; 
pedicels  shorter  or  longer  than  the  petioles,  usually  slightly  longer  and 
ascending,  fruit  nearly  globose,  a  trifle  smaller  than  the  preceding,  and 
about  two-thirds  as  large  as  the  first. 

Distribution. — Virginia,  southern  Indiana,  Missouri,  eastern  Kan- 
sas, south  to  the  Gulf  States  and  west  to  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  is  con- 
fined to  the  southwestern  counties.  It  is  now  known  to  definitely  occur 
in  Sullivan,  Gibson,  Posey,  Warrick  and  Spencer  Counties.  Two  trees 
were  noted  also,  in  the  Muscatatuck  bottoms  near  Delany  Creek  in 
Washington  County.  A  "single  bush  about  eight  feet  high"  was  re- 
ported from  Jefferson  County  by  Young.  This  may  have  been  the 
preceding  species.  It  was  also  reported  by  Haymond  from  Franklin 
County. 

Remarks. — With  one  exception  all  the  specimens  of  this  species  have 
been  found  m  very  low  ground.  Usually  it  is  associated  with  such  low 
ground  species  as  pecan,  sweet  gum,  swell-butt  ash,  and  the  cane. 
One  very  peculiar  specimen  was  found  on  the  crest  of  a  ridge  about 
seven  miles  north  of  Salem  in  Washington  County.  It  was  a  tree  about 
fifteen  feet  tall,  and  had  very  narrow  entire  leaves. 

MORACEAE.     THE  MULBERRY  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  sap;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  petioled, 
3-5  nerved  at  the  base;  fruit  fleshy. 

Branches  without  spines;  leaves  serrate;  pistillate  flowers  in 

spikes 1  Morus. 

Branches  with  spines;  leaves  entire;  pistillate  flowers  in  heads.   2  Maclura. 


152 
PLATE  63. 


CELTIS  MISSISSIPPIENSIS  Bosc.     SUGARBERRY.     (x  Y2.) 


153 

1.     MORUS.     THE  MULBERRIES. 

Trees  with  leaves  3-nerved  at  the  base;  flowers  of  two  kinds  on 
different  branches  of  the  same  tree  or  on  different  trees;  the  staminate 
in  long  catkins,  calyx  4-parted,  petals  none,  stamens  4,  the  pistillate 
catkins  short;  fruit  an  aggregate  of  drupes. 


Leaves  softly  pubescent  beneath 1  M.  rubra. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  or  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  veins  or  in 

the  axils. .  .   2  M.  alba. 


1.  Morus  rubra  Linnaeus.  RED  MULBERRY.  Plate  64.  Medium 
sized  trees  with  short  trunks  and  round  heads;  twigs  at  first  green  and 
puberulent,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  later  usually  turning  gray; 
leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  orbicular,  frequently  2-3  lobed,  average 
mature  blades  10-15  cm.  long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  abruptly 
taper-pointed,  rough  and  glabrous  above  and  finely  pubescent  beneath; 
fruit  ripening  in  June  or  July,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  dark  purple  or  nearly 
black,  edible;  wood  light,  soft,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained,  and  dura- 
ble in  contact  with  the  soil. 

Distribution. — Southern  Ontario  west  to  eastern  Dakotas,  south 
to  the  Gulf  States  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  throughout  Indiana, 
although  there  are  no  records  for  the  extreme  northwestern  counties. 
Throughout  our  area  it  must  be  regarded  as  infrequent.  It  is  only  here 
and  there  that  you  find  a  tree,  and  I  have  never  seen  it  where  there  were 
even  a  small  number  of  trees  close  together.  In  the  northern  part  of 
the  State  it  is  usually  found  in  a  moist  well  drained  soil,  associated 
with  trees  such  as  beech  and  sugar  maple,  or  in  lower  ground  with 
slippery  elm  and  linn.  It  has  no  particular  affinity  for  streams.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  it  is  found  in  both  rich  and  poor  soils.  How- 
ever, it  is  most  often  met  with  near  the  base  of  slopes. 

Remarks. — This  tree  seldom  has  a  clear  bole  of  more  than  3-5m.  and 
is  usually  a  tree  about  20  cm.  in  diameter,  rarely  as  large  as  6  dm.  in 
diameter,  although  there  is  a  record1  of  a  tree  in  Georgia  that  was  "7 
feet  in  diameter  at  3  feet  above  the  ground." 

The  wood  has  been  a  favorite  for  fence  posts  since  pioneer  times.  It 
transplants  easily.  The  fruit  is  a  favorite  with  birds  and  for  this  rea- 
son it  should  be  planted  about  orchards  and  in  woodlots.  It  is  some- 


iGarden  &  Forest  9:375:1896. 


154 

PLATE  64. 


MORUS  RUBRA  Linnaeus.     RED  MULBERRY,     (x 


155 

times  called  the  red  mulberry  to  distinguish  it  from  the  following 
species.1 

2.  MACLURA.     THE  OSAGE  ORANGE. 

Madura  pomifera  (Rafmesque)  Schneider.  HEDGE.  OSAGE  ORANGE. 
(Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.)  Plate  65.  Trees  with  brown  shreddy 
bark  on  old  trees;  mature  twigs  greenish  gray,  zigzag;  spines  about 
10-15  mm.  long;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  lanceolate,  average  blades 
7-12  cm.  long,  wedge-shape,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
long  taper-pointed  at  the  apex,  margins  entire,  pubescent  on  both 
sides  while  young,  becoming  at  maturity  lustrous  and  glabrous  above, 
remaining  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  globose,  about  1  dm.  in  diameter; 
wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  the  most  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil  of  any  of  our  post  timbers. 

Distribution. — Missouri  and  Kansas  south  to  Texas.  Introduced 
into  Indiana  for  hedge  fences.  There  is  some  question  as  to  the  ability 
of  this  species  to  escape.  I  have  heard  that  it  frequently  sends  up  root 
shoots  at  several  feet  from  hedge  fences,  and  that  it  frequently  seeds 
itself  along  old  hedge  fences.  For  the  past  few  years  I  have  given  the 
species  especial  attention  and  I  have  never  seen  it  as  an  escape  except 
in  three  instances. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  formerly  much  planted  for  farm 
fences,  but  since  land  has  become  so  valuable,  its  use  has  been  dis- 
continued, and  the  old  fences  are  being  dug  up.  The  tree  grows  a  short 
trunk,  and  one  was  noted  in  Grant  County  that  was  at  least  6  dm.  in 
diameter  that  was  estimated  to  be  less  than  fifty  years  old.  This 
species  is  subject  to  the  San  Jose  scale  and  in  some  localities  it  has  been 
killed  by  it.  It  has  been  but  little  used  for  forest  planting,  and  the 
plantations  are  not  yet  old  enough  to  measure  their  success. 

MAGNOLIACEAE.     THE  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  and  petioled  leaves;  flowers  large, 
terminal  and  solitary  with  numerous  stamens  and  pistils. 


1Morus  alba  Linnaeus.  White  Mulberry.  A  small  crooked  tree;  leaves  ovate, 
sometimes  lobed,  blades  6-13  cm.  long,  cordate  at  the  base,  acute  at  apex,  at  maturity  glab- 
rous above  and  glabrous  beneath  or  with  some  hairs  on  the  veins  and  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  • 
fruit  subglobose  or  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  white  to  pinkish.  This  is  an  introduced  tree  and 
has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in  many  parts  of  the  State,  especially  by  the  older  botanists. 
Moms  alba  variety  tatarica  Loudon,  the  Russian  mulberry,  has  been  reported  as  an  escape. 
The  writer  has  seen  single  specimens  as  an  escape  in  woods  in  Cass  and  Marshall  Counties. 
It  can  be  distinguished  by  practically  all  of  the  leaves  being  more  or  less  lobed  and  the  reddish 
fruit.  This  form  was  introduced  into  the  United  States  in  great  numbers  about  fifty  years 
ago  by  the  Mennonites.  It  was  especially  recommended  by  nurserymen  for  fence  posts  and 
it  has  been  planted  to  some  extent  in  Indiana,  but  it  cannot  be  recommended.  It  grows  too 
slowly  and  is  too  crooked  to  compensate  for  any  lasting  qualities  the  wood  may  have.  Moms 
nigra  has  been  reported  from  Indiana  by  Phinney ,  Brown  and  McCaslin  as  a  forest  tree.  Since 
this  is  an  introduced  tree,  and  is  not  supposed  to  be  hardy  in  our  area,  their  reports  should  be 
transferred  to  some  other  species. 


156 

PLATE  65. 


MACLURA     POMIFERA     (Rafinesque).    Schneider.    OSAGE  ORANGE,     (x 


157 

Buds  silky  white  pubescent;  leaves  entire;  fruit  fleshy,  de- 
hiscent   1  Magnolia. 

Buds  glabrous;  leaves  lobed;  fruit  a  cone  of  dry  carpels,  in- 
dehiscent  2  Liriodendron. 

1.     MAGNOLIA.     THE  MAGNOLIAS. 

Magnolia  acuminata  Linnaeus.  CUCUMBER  TREE.  Plate  66. 
Large  trees  with  furrowed  bark  which  is  gray  and  much  resembles  the 
tulip  tree  except  the  ridges  are  shallower  and  closer;  twigs  downy  at 
first,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  a  light  to  a  cherry  brown  by 
the  end  of  the  season ;  leaves  oval,  average  blades  15-22  cm.  long,  rounded 
to  truncate  at  the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  pubescent  on  both 
sides  at  first,  becoming  glabrous  above,  and  remaining  pubescent  be- 
neath, rarely  entirely  glabrous;  flowers  about  6  cm.  long,  bell-shaped, 
pale  yellowish-green;  fruit  cylindrical,  5-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  diameter, 
the  large  scarlet  seeds  begin  to  push  out  of  their  receptacle  in  September; 
wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained  and  durable. 

Distribution. — North  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  western  New  York, 
eastern  Ohio,  southern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois  and  along  the  Ap- 
palachian Mountains  to  southern  Alabama  and  west  to  Arkansas. 
It  doubtless  occurred  in  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  counties  in  southern 
Indiana  south  of  a  line  drawn  from  Franklin  to  Knox  Counties.  It  no 
doubt  was  extremely  local.  For  instance  a  pioneer  81  years  old  who 
had  always  lived  in  Washington  County  told  me  that  there  were  two 
trees  on  his  farm  near  Pekin,  and  these  were  the  only  two  trees  he  knew 
of  in  the  vicinity.  These  trees  were  popular  because  the  neighbor? 
came  for  the  fruit  to  put  into  whisky  for  making  bitters  which  were  a 
specific  for  all  ailments.  I  have  seen  only  a  shrub  on  the  Forest  Reserve 
in  Clark  County.  On  a  beech  and  sugar  maple  ridge  about  4  miles 
northwest  of  Medora  in  Jackson  County  on  the  Geo.  W.  Scott  farm  two 
trees  were  still  standing  in  1915.  Mr.  Scott,  a  pioneer,  said  the  species 
was  found  on  the  ridge  for  about  2  miles  and  that  there  were  about  a 
half  dozen  trees  to  the  acre,  and  the  largest  was  about  a  meter  in  diam- 
eter. It  is  known  in  two  other  places  in  this  county.  A  tree  is  still 
standing  in  Lawrence  County  on  the  Sam  Mitchell  farm  2^  miles 
south  of  Bedford.  Mr.  Mitchell  is  a  pioneer  and  says  that  a  few  trees 
were  found  in  the  vicinity  on  the  ridges.  It  has  been  reported  for 
Franklin,  Floyd  and  Jefferson  Counties.  There  is  hearsay  evidence 
that  it  occurred  in  other  counties. 

Remarks. — The  cucumber  tree  has  been  too  rare  in  Indiana  to  be  of 
economic  importance.  The  greatest  interest  with  us  is  its  distribution. 
The  uses  of  the  wood  are  similar  to  that  of  tulip  with  which  it  is  bo- 


158 
PLATE  66. 


MAGNOLIA    ACUMINATA    Linnaeus.     CUCUMBER  TREE,     (x 


159 

tanically  related.  It  is  said  that  the  greater  part  of  the  lumber 
which  is  produced  in  the  south  is  sold  as  tulip.  The  seeds  of  this  tree 
are  extremely  bitter  and  no  bird,  squirrel  or  mouse  will  carry  or  touch 
them.  However,  man  after  macerating  them  in  whisky  can  use  them 
for  medicine. 

2.     LIRIODENDRON.     THE  TULIP  TREE. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  Linnaeus.  Tulip.  Yellow  Poplar.  Plate 
67.  Large  trees  with  deeply  furrowed  grayish  bark;  twigs  glabrous  and 
glaucous  at  first,  becoming  reddish-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season,  then 
gray  or  dark  brown;  leaves  very  variable,  4-6  lobed,  average  blades  5-12 
cm.  long,  truncate  and  notched  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  rounded, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  glabrous  above  and  below  at  maturity 
or  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  veins  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  May  or 
June,  large  bell-shaped,  about  4  cm.  deep,  greenish-yellow,  sometimes 
tinged  with  orange-red;  fruit  upright,  cone-shaped,  5-7  cm.  long; 
wood  light,  weak,  soft,  stiff,  straight  and  moderately  coarse-grained, 
seasons  and  works  well.  Sap  wood  white,  heart  wood  a  light  yellow. 

Distribution. — Vermont,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan, 
south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  Found  throughout 
Indiana,  and  doubtless  is  found  in  every  county.  It  is  rare  to  infrequent 
in  most  of  the  counties  north  of  the  Wabash  River.  It  gradually  be- 
comes more  frequent  toward  the  south  and  where  its  habitat  is  found 
it  is  frequent  to  common.  It  prefers  a  moist  lich  well  drained  soil  and 
thrives  best  in  protected  coves  and  near  the  lower  part  of  slopes  of  hills. 
It  is  found  with  beech,  sugar  maple  and  white  oak.  It  is  rarely  found  in 
a  black  loam  soil,  but  prefers  a  sandy  soil.  It  was  generally  a  common 
tree  and  of  very  large  size  in  practically  all  of  the  counties  in  the 
southern  two-thirds  of  the  State. 

Remarks. — This  tree  is  generally  known  by  botanists  as  tulip  tree. 
By  lumbermen  it  is  usually  known  as  yellow  poplar,  or  more  often  short- 
ened to  poplar.  It  is  also  known  as  blue,  white  and  hickory  poplar,  or 
as  white  wood.  The  tulip  tree  is  the  second  largest  tree  of  Indiana. 
In  the  Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  6:70:1875,  is  the  following:  "I  measured  four 
poplar  trees  that  stood  within  a  few  feet  of  each  other;  the  largest  was 
thirty-eight  feet  in  circumference  three  feet  from  the  ground,  one  hund- 
red and  twenty  feet  high,  and  about  sixty-five  feet  to  the  first  limb. 
The  others  were,  respectively  eighteen  and  a  half,  eighteen  and  seven- 
teen feet  in  circumference  at  three  feet  from  the  ground."  The  range 
of  the  uses  of  the  wood  is  not  so  great  as  the  oak,  but  it  has  many  uses. 
The  demand  has  been  so  great  that  practically  all  of  the  large  trees  have 
been  cut.  Small  trees  have  so  much  sap  or  white  wood  that  they  are 
not  sought  for  lumber,  but  can  be  used  for  pulp  and  excelsior. 


160 

PLATE  67. 


LIRIODENDRON  TULIPIFERA  Linnaeus.    TULIP  or  YELLOW  POPLAR,     (x 


161 

The  tulip  transplants  easily,  grows  rapidly,  tall  and  with  short  side 
branches.  Experiments  in  growing  this  tree  indicate  that  it  is  one  of 
the  very  best  trees  for  reinforcing  the  woodlot,  and  other  forest  planting. 
It  can  be  recommended  for  roadside  planting  because  it  grows  tall  and 
has  a  deep  root  system.  Where  conditions  of  life  are  not  too  severe  it 
could  be  used  for  shade  tree  planting. 

ANONACEAE.     The  Custard  Apple  Family. 
ASIMINA.     THE  PAWPAW. 

Asimina  triloba  f  (Linnaeus)  Dunal.  PAWPAW.  Plate  68. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees;  bark  smooth  except  on  very  old  trees  when  it 
becomes  somewhat  furrowed;  twigs  at  first  covered  with  rusty  brown 
hairs,  becoming  glabrous  and  reddish-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season; 
leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  average  blades  16-30  cm.  long,  abruptly 
taper-pointed,  wedge-shape  at  base,  margins  entire,  somewhat  rusty 
pubescent  at  first,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  above,  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  May  or  early  June,  maroon 
color,  drooping;  fruit  edible,  ripening  in  September  and  October,  7-13 
cm.  long,  greenish-yellow,  smooth,  pulp  white  or  yellow,  with  a  few 
large,  dark-brown  flattened  seeds;  wood  light,  soft  and  weak. 

Distribution. — New  York,  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  southern 
Michigan,  Nebraska,  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  in  all 
parts  of  Indiana,  although  it  is  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the 
central  counties.  It  prefers  a  moist  rich  soil,  although  it  is  quite 
adaptive.  Sometimes  it  is  found  in  a  black  loam  soil  in  low  woods  or 
about  lakes,  but  its  preference  is  for  a  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  or 
habitats  approximating  it.  In  the  southern  counties  it  is  absent  on  the 
sterile  wooded  ridges,  but  may  be  a  common  shrub  at  the  base  of  the 
slopes.  It  is  a  constant  companion  of  the  tulip  tree  and  where  one  will 
grow  the  other  is  likely  to  be  found.  It  is  a  great  tree  to  send  up 
suckers,  hence  it  is  always  found  in  clumps,  or  forms  real  thickets. 
This  species  with  us  is  usually  2-7  meters  high;  however,  there  are 
records  of  large  trees.  Collett  in  Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  5:404:1874,  in  a 
geological  report  of  Gibson  County  says:  "A  forest  of  pawpaw  bushes 
attracted  our  attention  by  their  tree-like  size,  being  nearly  a  foot  in 
diameter." 

Remarks. — This  species  is  also  known  as  the  yellow  and  white  paw- 
paw. Recently  some  enthusiasts  have  christened  it  the  "Hoosier 
Banana".  There  has  been  an  attempt  for  years  to  cultivate  the  paw- 
paw, and  some  varieties  have  been  named.  The  fruit  is  variable.  The 
one  with  a  white  pulp  is  rather  insipid  and  is  not  considered  good  to  eat. 
The  form  with  a  yellow  pulp  is  the  kind  that  is  regarded  as  the  most  pal- 


162 

PLATE  G8. 


ASIMINA  TRILOBA  (Linnaeus)  Dunal.     PAWPAW,     (x 


163 

atable.  The  two  forms  are  not  botanically  separated  but  Prof.  Stanley 
Coulter  has  made  some  observations  on  the  two  forms  in  the  Ind.  Geol. 
Kept.  24:745:1899.  He  says:  "Two  forms,  not  separated  botanically 
are  associated  in  our  area.  They  differ  in  time  of  flowering,  in  size, 
shape,  color  and  flavor  of  the  fruit,  in  leaf  shape,  venation  and  odor  and 
color  of  the  bark.  They  are  of  constant  popular  recognition  and  pro- 
bably separate  species,  never  seeming  to  intergrade." 

It  is  desirable  for  ornamental  planning  on  account  of  its  interesting 
foliage,  beautiful  and  unique  flowers  and  delicious  fruit.  It  is  very 
difficult  to  transplant  a  sucker  plant,  and  in  order  to  get  a  start  of 
this  species  it  is  best  to  plant  the  seed  or  seedlings.  It  is  usually  found 
growing  in  the  shade,  but  does  well  in  full  sunlight. 

Mr.  Arthur  W.  Osborn  of  Spiceland,  who  has  done  much  experi- 
mental work  in  propagating  this  species,  reports  some  interesting  cases  of 
pawpaw  poisoning.  He  says  he  knew  a  lady  whose  skin  would  be 
irritated  by  the  presence  of  pawpaws.  Some  individuals  after  eating 
them  develop  a  rash  with  intense  itching.  In  one  instance  he  fed  a 
person,  subject  to  the  rash  from  eating  the  pawpaw,  a  peeled  pawpaw 
with  a  spoon,  and  the  subject  never  touched  the  pawpaw,  and  the 
results  were  the  same.  The  American  Genetic  Association  has  taken 
up  the  subject  of  improving  the  fruit  of  this  tree,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
but  that  in  the  future  this  species  will  be  of  considerable  economic  im- 
portance. The  tree  is  free  from  all  insect  enemies,  and  since  it  can  be 
grown  in  waste  places,  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  receive 
more  attention  than  it  does. 

LAURACEAE.     THE  LAUREL  FAMILY. 
SASSAFRAS.     THE  SASSAFRAS. 

Sassafras  officinale  Nees  and  Eberrnaier.  SASSAFRAS.  RED 
SASSAFRAS.  WHITE  SASSAFRAS.  Plate  69.  Small  to  large  trees;  bark 
aromatic,  smooth  on  young  trees,  reddish-brown  and  deeply  furrowed 
on  old  trees,  resembling  that  of  black  walnut;  branchlets  yellowish- 
green,  splotched  more  or  less  with  sooty  spots;  twigs  at  first  more  or 
less  hairy,  soon  becoming  smooth  or  remaining  more  or  less  hairy  until 
autumn,  more  or  less  glaucous,  especially  the  smooth  forms;  buds  more 
or  less  pubescent,  the  axillary  ones  usually  more  or  less  hairy,  the  outer 
scales  of  the  terminal  one  usually  smooth  and  glaucous;  leaves  simple, 
alternate,  ovate,  elliptic  toobovate,  blades  5-16  cm.  long,  entire  or  with 
1-5  lobes,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  apex  and  terminal  of  the  lobes  acute, 
both  surfaces  hairy  when  they  expand,  generally  becoming  smooth 
above  and  beneath,  or  more  often  remaining  more  or  less  pubescent 


164 
PLATE  69. 


SASSAFRAS    OFFICINALE    Nees    and    Ebermaier.     SASSAFRAS,     (x 


165 

beneath,  the  midrib  and  two  lateral  veins  usually  prominent  beneath; 
petioles  0.5-5  cm.  long,  hairy  at  first,  becoming  smooth  or  more  often 
retaining  some  pubescence;  flowers  appear  before  or  with  the  leaves  in 
April  or  May,  small,  yellow  or  greenish,  the  male  and  female  generally 
on  different  trees,  on  racemes  up  to  4  cm.  long;  flower  stalks  usually 
pubescent,  sometimes  smooth;  fruit  an  oblong,  blue-black,  glaucous 
berry  which  matures  late  in  summer;  fruit  generally  7-10  mm.  long,  on  a 
stalk  including  the  pedicel  and  raceme  up  to  9  cm.  long. 

Distribution.— Maine,  southern  Ontario  to  Iowa  and  south  to 
Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  No  doubt  it  was  formerly  found  in  every 
county  of  Indiana.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  it  is  more  local  in 
its  distribution  than  in  the  southern  counties.  In  the  northern  counties 
where  it  is  local  it  is  found  in  colonies  on  sandy  or  clayey  ridges.  Sassa- 
fras is  usually  considered  an  indicator  of  poorer  soils,  hence,  in  the 
central  counties  it  is  often  very  local.  It  is  frequent  to  common  through- 
out the  hilly  counties  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  In  this  part  of 
the  State  it  becomes  a  pernicious  weed  tree.  It  soon  invades  fence  rows 
and  fallow  fields,  and  is  extremely  difficult  to  kill  out.  It  is  rarely  found 
in  wet  situations;  however,  in  Sullivan  and  Clay  Counties  large  trees 
have  been  observed  in  low  alluvial  ground,  associated  with  the  white 
elm,  etc. 

Remarks. — Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  aromatic,  heartwood 
brownish.  In  our  area  sassafras  wood  is  used  principally  for  posts  and 
crossties.  The  roots  contain  a  volatile  oil  which  is  much  used  in  medi- 
icine  and  perfumery.  Every  one  is  familiar  with  the  sassfras  peddler 
who  in  the  Spring  sells  a  small  bundle  of  roots  or  bark  for  making 
sassafras  tea.  The  tea  is  reputed  "to  thin  the  blood."  The  aromatic 
character  of  the  wood  led  the  earliest  inhabitants  to  attribute  many 
medicinal  and  other  qualities  to  the  wood  which,  in  many  instances 
bordered  on  superstition.  In  some  of  the  southern  States  bedsteads 
were  made  of  sassafras  with  the  belief  that  they  would  produce  sounder 
sleep.  Floors  were  made  of  sassafras  to  keep  out  the  rats  and  mice. 
Perches  of  chicken  houses  were  made  of  sassafras  poles  to  keep  off  the 
lice.  To  successfully  make  soap,  it  was  necessary  to  stir  the  contents 
of  the  kettle  with  a  sassafras  stick. 

The  sassafras  is  usually  about  one-fourth  of  a  meter  in  diameter. 
However,  on  the  Charles  Hole  farm  about  three  miles  southeast  of 
Butlerville  grew  two  of  the  largest  trees  of  which  we  have  record.  The 
trees  grew  within  seven  meters  of  each  other  on  a  slope  now  grown  up 
with  large  sugar  maple.  They  were  cut  by  Mr.  Hole's  father,  on  whose 
farm  they  were  located.  The  largest  was  cut  in  the  later  sixties  and  the 
smaller  in  the  early  seventies.  The  stumps  were  seen  by  the  writer  in 


166 

1918.  Both  are  now  hollow  although  the  outside  is  quite  solid  after 
having  been  cut  about  fifty  years.  Chips  were  cut  from  the  root  spurs 
and  the  wood  was  almost  as  aromatic  as  if  the  tree  had  just  been  cut. 
"The  stumps  have  been  burned  at  least  three  times/'  says  Mr.  Hole,  yet 
the  smaller  now  measures  1.09  m.  (43  inches)  in  diameter  at  a  meter 
high.  The  largest  stump  now  measures  1.22  m.  (48  inches),  in  diameter 
at  a  meter  high.  Mr.  Hole  says  that  the  smallest  tree  had  a  clear  bole 
of  at  least  18  meters,  and  the  largest  tree  was  .92  m.  (36  inches)  in 
diameter  20  meters  from  the  stump. 

Sassafras  deserves  more  consideration  than  it  has  received  as  a  shade 
and  ornamental  tree.  The  autumnal  coloring  of  its  foliage  is  scarcely 
surpassed  by  any  tree;  and  it  is  free  from  injurious  insect  pests.  It 
adapts  itself  to  almost  all  kinds  of  soils,  and  grows  rapidly.  It  is, 
however,  transplanted  with  difficulty;  this  means  only  more  care  in 
digging  the  tre.e  and  planting  it. 

Commonly  the  sassafras  is  classed  as  red  and  white  sassafras.  The 
roots  of  the  white  sassafras  are  said  to  be  whiter,  the  aroma  of  the  wood 
has  a  suggestion  of  camphor,  and  the  wood  is  less  durable.  This  belief  is 
common  throughout  the  area  of  its  distribution,  but  so  far  as  the  writer 
knows,  no  scientific  work  has  been  published  to  verify  this  division  of 
the  species. 

Sassafras  is  extremely  variable,  but  most  botanical  authors  have 
considered  the  many  variations  as  one  species.  Nuttall  in  1818  was 
the  first  author  to  make  a  division  of  the  forms,  and  he  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  some  recent  authors.  Nuttall  separated  those  forms  with 
smooth  twigs,  buds,  and  under  surface  of  leaves,  from  those  with  pube- 
scent twigs,  buds,  and  under  surface  of  leaves.  Nieuwland1  separates  a 
variety  from  the  smooth  forms  which  he  calls  Sassafras  albida  variety 
glauca,  and  reports  it  as  occuring  in  the  counties  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Michigan. 

The  writer  has  at  hand  46  specimens  from  41  counties  in  Indiana, 
including  all  of  the  Lake  Michigan  Counties,  and  he  has  not  been  able 
to  find  a  single  character  that  is  constant  enough  to  make  a  division  of 
our  forms,  consequently  all  the  Indiana  forms  are  included  under  one 
and  the  old  name  for  sassafras. 

ALTINGIACEAE.     SWEET  GUM  FAMILY. 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua  Linnaeus.  SWEET  GUM.  Plate  70. 
Large  trees  with  resinous  sap;  bark  deeply  furrowed,  grayish;  twigs 
when  very  young  somewhat  hairy,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  a  light  red- 
dish-brown by  the  end  of  the  season,  later  a  gray,  usually  some  or  all 

'Amer.  Midland  Naturalist  Vol.  3:347:1914. 


167 

PLATE  70. 


LIQUIDAMBAR   STYRACIFLUA    Linnaeus.     SWEET    OR   RED    GUM.     (x 


168 

of  the  branchlets  develop  one  or  more  corky  ridges  running  lengthwise 
of  the  branchlets,  or  in  some  cases  only  corky  excrescences;  leaves 
simple,  alternate,  long-petioled,  orbicular  in  outline,  cleft  into  5 
wedge-shaped  lobes,  rarely  7  lobes,  average  blades  5-12  cm.  long,  trun- 
cate or  cordate  at  the  base,  margins  finely  serrate,  hairy  on  both 
surfaces  on  unfolding,  soon  becoming  glabrous  above,  and  remaining 
more  or  less  hairy  beneath  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  at  matur- 
ity turning  to  a  dull  or  brilliant  red;  flowers  in  heads,  expanding  in 
April  or  May;  fruit  a  globular,  horny  aggregate  of  carpels,  3-4  cm.  in 
diameter  including  the  horns;  wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close- 
grained,  inclined  to  shrink  and  warp  in  seasoning,  takes  a  good  polish, 
heart  wood  a  rich  brown  which  can  be  finished  to  imitate  walnut  or 
mahogany. 

Distribution. — Connecticut,  southern  Ohio  to  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  west  to  Texas,  and  in  the  mountains  in  Mexico  south  to 
Guatemala.  In  Indiana  it  is  confined  to  wet  woods  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  State.  The  most  northern  records  are  from  Franklin,  Shelby, 
Putnam  and  Parke  Counties.  Wherever  it  is  found  it  is  usually  a  fre- 
quent to  a  common  or  very  common  tree.  It  is  most  frequently 
associated  with  the  beech,  but  in  the  very  wet  woods  it  is  found  with  pin 
oak,  red  birch,  cow  oak  and  white  elm. 

Remarks. — This  species  grows  rapidly;  is  somewhat  hard  to  trans- 
plant; grows  straight  and  tall  with  few  side  branches,  and  adapts  itself 
to  a  wet,  compact  soil.  In  the  "flats"  of  southern  Indiana  where  it  is 
associated  with  pin  oak,  red  birch  and  beech,  it  is  to  be  preferred  for 
forest  planting  to  these  or  any  other  species  that  could  be  grown  in 
the  "flats."  It  is  practically  free  from  all  injurious  insects.  Sweet 
gum  should  be  one  of  the  principal  species  in  wet  places  of  the  wood- 
lots  of  southern  Indiana. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  best  for  ornamental  planting  in  all  parts 
of  the  State  where  it  is  hardy.  It  is  doubtful  if  it  is  wise  to  use  it  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Several  trees  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  State  are  known  to  be  quite  hardy,  but  there  are  reports  that  it 
sometimes  winter-kills.  It  can  also  be  recommended  for  roadside  and 
street  planting. 

PLATANACEAE.     THE  PLANE  TREE  FAMILY. 
PLATANUS.     THE  PLANE  TREE. 

Platanus  occidentalis  Linnaeus.  SYCAMORE.  Plate  71.  The 
largest  tree  of  the  State;  bark  thin,  smooth,  on  age  separating  into 
thin  plates  and  exfoliating,  base  of  the  trunks  of  very  old  trees  some- 


169 

PLATE  71. 


PLATANUS  OCCIDENTALS  Linnams.     SYCAMORE,     (x 


170 

what  roughened  or  fissured,  gray  to  grayish-green,  splotched  with  white; 
twigs  at  first  covered  with  a  scurvy  pubescence,  becoming  at  maturity 
glabrous  except  a  ring  at  the  node  about  the  leaf-scar,  gray  or  light 
brown,  and  zigzag;  leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  nearly  orbicular  in 
outline,  the  blades  somewhat  deltoid,  blades  large,  variable  in  size 
and  shape,  average  blades  9-17  cm.  long,  frequently  much  larger  on 
vigorous  shoots,  generally  with  3-5  main  lobes,  sometimes  the  lobes  are 
indistinct  and  the  leaves  appear  only  irregularly  toothed,  margins 
toothed,  rarely  entire  between  the  lobes,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex;  one  form  has  been  noted  with 
leaves  obovate,  scarcely  lobed  and  with  a  wedge-shaped  base;  leaves 
covered  on  both  sides  at  first  with  a  dense  tomentum,  becoming  at 
maturity  glabrous  above — rarely  tardily  pubescent,  nearly  glabrous 
beneath,  except  on  the  veins  and  in  the  axils,  petioles  remaining  pube- 
scent; flowers  appear  in  May  with  the  leaves  in  heads  on  long  woolly 
peduncles;  fruit  a  globose  head  of  many  seeds,  2-3.5  cm.  in  diameter, 
maturing  late  in  the  year;  the  seed  are  scattered  by  the  wind  during 
the  winter  months;  wood  heavy,  hard,  weak,  close-grained,  difficult  to 
split  and  work,  takes  a  high  polish;  when  used  as  a  container  it  does  not 
communicate  an  objectional  taste  or  odor  to  contents. 

Distribution. — Maine,  Ontario  to  Nebraska,  south  to  the  Gulf 
States  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana,  although  there 
are  no  records  for  the  extreme  northwestern  counties.  It  is  a  tree  of  a 
low  ground  habitat,  and  is  found  principally  in  low  ground  along 
streams,  about  lakes,  and  ponds.  In  such  habitats  it  is  a  frequent  tree  in 
all  parts,  except  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southern  counties.  In  some  places 
it  is  a  common  to  a  very  common  tree,  especially  along  the  upper 
courses  of  White  River. 

Remarks. — In  this  State  this  species  is  always  called  the  sycamore 
tree.  It  is  the  largest  tree  of  the  State,  and  the  largest  deciduous 
tree  of  the  United  States.  Indiana  has  the  distinction  of  having  the 
largest  living  sycamore  in  the  United  States.  It  is  located  near 
Worthington,  Indiana,  and  "in  1915,  measured  43  feet  and  3  inches  in 
circumference  at  five  feet  above  the  ground."  See  frontispiece.  The 
sycamore  grew  to  great  diameters  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  It  was  com- 
monly hollow,  because  it  is  believed  the  tree  in  early  life  is  usually 
more  or  less  injured  by  floating  ice  and  debris  which  starts  inner  decay. 
Hollow  sycamore  logs  were  commonly  used  by  the  pioneers  in  which 
to  smoke  their  meat,  and  sections  of  hollow  logs  about  12  dm.  (4  feet) 
long  were  used  to  store  grain  in,  and  were  known  as  "gums." 

The  value  of  sycamore  lumber  has  been  very  much  underestimated. 
It  has  many  uses  such  as  butcher  blocks,  interior  finish,  furniture, 


171 

piling,  tobacco  boxes,  veneer  berry  boxes,  handles,  wooden  ware,  etc. 
Indiana  has  led  in  the  production  of  sycamore  lumber  for  years. 

The  sycamore  is  well  adapted  for  shade,  ornamental  and  forestry 
purposes.  It  transplants  easily,  grows  rapidly,  stands  pruning  well 
and  is  comparatively  free  from  injurious  insects.  It  grows  straight, 
tall  and  usually  with  a  rather  narrow  crown.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil, 
but  adapts  itself  to  dry  situations.  For  planting  overflow  lands,  or 
on  the  banks  of  streams  it  is  one  of  the  best  species  we  have.  It  is 
also  one  of  the  best  species  for  roadside  tree  planting,  because  it  is 
deep  rooted,  grows  tall,  and  does  not  produce  a  dense  shade. 


MALlCEAE.1     THE  APPLE  FAMILY. 

The  trees  of  this  family  that  occur  in  our  area  have  simple,  alternate 
leaves;  perfect,  regular  flowers,  5-merous  calyx  and  corolla;  fruit  a  more 
or  less  fleshy  pome. 

Flowers  in  racemes,  cavities  of  mature  fruit  twice  as  many  as 

the  styles,  seeds  less  than  4  mm.  ( y%  inch)  long 2  Amelanchier. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  corymbs,  cavities  of  mature  fruit  as  many 
as  the  styles,  seeds  more  than  4  mm.  (J/g  inch)  long. 

Fruit  green,  mature  carpels  papery 1  Malus. 

Fruit  red,   orange,   blue-black  or  yellow,   mature   carpels 

bony 3  Crataegus. 


I.  MlLUS.     THE  APPLES. 

Malus  angustifolia  has  been  reported  from  the  State,  but  it  is  a 
species  of  more  southern  range.  Both  Malus  ioensis  and  Malus  land- 
folia  may  easily  be  mistaken  for  this  species. 

Leaves  and  petioles  glabrous  or  only  slightly  pubescent;  calyx 
tube  and  outside  of  calyx  lobes  glabrous  or  only  slightly 
pubescent. 
Leaves  distinctly  lobed,  at  least  those  of  vigorous  shoots; 

petioles  pubescent  above 1  M.  glaucescens. 

Leaves  serrate,  not  lobed;  petioles  glabrous 2  M.  lancifolia. 

Leaves  (at  least  the  lower  surfaces)  and  petioles  densely  to- 

mentose;  calyx  lobes  densely  tomentose  on  both  sides.  .  .   3  M.  ionesis. 


iContributed  by  W.  W.  Eggleston,  Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  D.C. 


172 

1.  Malus  glaucescens  Rehder.  AMERICAN  CRAB  APPLE  (M. 
fragrans  Rehder).  Plate  72.  Bark  reddish,  fissured  and  scaly;  leaves 
on  glandless  petioles,  petioles  usually  2-4  cm.  (%-l}4  inches)  long, 
leaves  narrow  ovate  to  almost  triangular,  those  on  the  lateral  branchlets 
of  the  ovate  type,  those  of  the  terminal  branchlets  and  vigorous  shoots 
of  the  triangular  type,  3-8  cm.  (13/2-3  inches)  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
mostly  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes  tapering, 
those  of  the  triangular  type  usually  truncate,  margin  of  the  ovate  type 
of  leaves  more  or  less  sharply  serrate,  the  basal  third  of  the  leaf  with 
shallow  teeth  or  entire,  margins  of  the  triangular  type  more  deeply 
serrate  to  almost  lobed,  hairy  above  and'" below  when  they  expand, 
becoming  smooth  both  above  and  below,  sometimes  a  few  hairs  are 
found  on  the  veins  beneath  at  maturity,  bright  green  above,  paler 
beneath;  flowers  appear  in  May  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown, 
usually  5  or  6  in  a  cluster,  white  or  rose-color,  very  fragrant,  3-4  cm. 
(1^-2  inches)  broad  when  fully  expanded;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acu- 
minate, tomentose  on  the  inside,  glabrous  outside;  fruit  depressed- 
globose,  without  angles,  yellow-green,  2-4.5  cm.  (%-2  inches)  thick, 
2-2.5  cm.  (%-l  inch)  long,  very  fragrant  and  covered  with  a  waxy 
bloom. 

Distribution. — Central  New  York,  lower  peninsula  Michigan, 
western  New  Jersey  to  northern  Alabama  and  Missouri.  Found  in  all 
parts  of  Indiana.  No  doubt  in  the  original  forests  it  was  rare,  but  the 
removal  of  the  large  trees  has  been  favorable  to  its  growth  until  today  it 
is  somewhat  frequent  in  moist  open  woods,  along  streams  and  neglected 
fences.  It  is  most  frequent  among  the  hills  in  southern  Indiana,  and  in 
all  its  distribution  it  is  usually  found  in  clumps. 

In  our  area  it  is  a  small  tree  about  10-20  cm.  (4-8  inches)  in  diameter 
and  4-6  m.  (12-18  feet)  high,  with  a  spreading  crown.  An  exceptionally 
large  tree  is  located  on  the  south  bank  of  Round  Lake  in  Whitley 
County  which  measures  1.3  m.  (51  inches)  in  circumference  at  one  meter 
(3  feet)  above  the  ground  where  the  first  branch  appears. 

Specimens  which  were  collected  by  the  person  whose  name  follows  the 
county  have  been  seen  by  the  writer  from  the  following  counties  of 
Indiana:  Allen  (Beam)  1919;  Brown  (Beam)  1911;  Clark  (Deam) 
1913;  Daviess  (Deam)  1910;  Decatur  (Deam)  1911;  Delaware  (Deam) 
1911;  Floyd  (Very)  1896;  Fountain  (Deam)  1919;  Hamilton  (Mrs. 
Chas.  C.  Deam)  1913;  Kosciusko  (Deam)  1910;  Laporte  (Deam)  1911; 
Morgan  (Deam)  1910;  Noble  (Deam)  1919;  Owen  (Deam)  1911;  Posey 
(Deam)  1911;  Randolph  (Deam)  1916,  1919;  Steuben  (Deam)  1905; 
Warren  (Deam)  1911;  Wayne  (Deam)  1919;  Wells  (E.  B.  Williamson) 
1896,  (Deam)  1898,  1907,  1916,  1919. 


173 

PLATE  72. 


MALUS  GLAUCESCENS  Rehder.     AMERICAN  GRAB  APPLE,     (x 


174 

2.  Malus  lancifolia  Rehder.   NARROW-LEAVED  CRAB  APPLE.  (M. 
coronaria  of  manuals,  in  part.)     Plate  73.     Leaves  ovate,  oblong  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate,   1.5-3    cm.  (Yi-^A    inches)    wide,    3.5-8    cm.    (1^-3 
inches)  long,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate  at  the  apex;  rounded  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  the  base,  finely  serrate  often  doubly  serrate,  slightly  tomen- 
tose  when  young,  becoming  entirely  glabrous;  bright  yellow-green  on 
both  sides.    Flowers  3-3.5  cm.  broad,  3-6  in  a  cluster,  pedicels  slender, 
glabrous.     Calyx  lobes  oblong,  lanceolate,  glabrous  outside,  slightly 
villous  inside,   fruit   sub-globose,  2-3  cm.  (%-l}4  inches)  in   diameter, 
green.  ^ 

Distribution. — Pennsylvania  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
west  to  Indiana  and  south  to  Missouri. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties  of  Indiana: 
Allen  (Beam)  1919;  Daviess  (Beam)  1919;  Belaware  (Beam)  1911; 
Bubois  (Beam)  1919;  Fountain  (Beam)  1919;  Henry  (Beam)  1917, 
1919;  Jay  (Beam)  1919;  Jennings  (Beam);  Knox  (Beam)  1918,  1919; 
Noble  (Beam)  1919;  Posey  (Beam)  1919;  Spencer  (Beam)  1919; 
Starke  (Beam)  1911;  Union  (Beam)  1919;  Vermillion  (Beam)  1911. 

3.  Malus  ioensis  (Wood)  Britton.    WESTERN  CRAB  APPLE.    IOWA 
CRAB  APPLE.     Plate  74.       Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  4-10  cm. 
(lJ^-4    inches)    long,    2-8  cm.  (%-3}4  inches),  wide,    obtuse  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  dentate-crenate  or 
doubly  so,  slightly  pubescent  above,  becoming  glabrous,  dark  green, 
slightly  rugose  above,  densely  white-tomentose  below,  remaining  so  at 
least  along  the  veins;  petioles  1.5-4  cm.  (J^-l^  inches)  long,    densely 
white-tomentose;    corymbs    2-5    flowered,    pedicels    pubescent;    calyx 
densely   white-tomentose,   calyx  lobes   lanceolate-acuminate,   densely 
tomentose  on  both  sides;    flowers  similar  to  those  of  Malus  coronaria; 
fruit  globose,    without  angles,  green,  2-3.5  cm.  (%-l}4  inches)    thick, 
2-3  cm.  (%-l^t  inches)  long. 

Distribution. — Indiana,  central  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Wisconsin, 
southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Kansas  and  Texas.  A  tree  in  habit, 
similar  to  Malus  glaucescens. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Allen  (Beam)  1915;  Benton  (Beam) 
1919;  Cass  (Beam)  1916;  Baviess  (Beam)  1919;  Belaware  (Beam) 
1911;  Floyd  (Very)  1896;  Huntington  (Beam);  Jasper  (Beam)  1919; 
Knox  (Beam)  1917;  Lake  (Beam)  1919;  Lagrange  (Beam)  1915;  La- 
porte  (Beam)  1913,  1919;  Newton  (Beam)  1919;  Porter  (Beam)  1915; 
Posey  (Beam)  1919;  Putnam  (Grimes);  Sullivan  (Beam)  1917,  1919; 
Tippecanoe  (Borner)  1900,  (Beam)  1917;  Vigo  (Beam)  1917,  1919; 
Warren  (Beam)  1919;  White  (Beam)  1916;  Whitley  (Beam)  1919. 


175 

PLATE  73. 


MALUS    LANCIFOLIA    Rehder.     NARROW-LEAVED    CRAB    APPLE,     (x 


176 

PLATE  74. 


MALUS   IOENSIS   (Wood)  Britton.     WESTERN  CRAB  APPLE, 


177 

Malus  ioensis  x  lancifolia  n.  hyb.  Specimens  collected  by  Deam 
in  Grant  County  in  1907  and  Huntington  County  in  1919  appear  to  be 
this  cross.  It  would  be  strange  indeed  if  such  closely  related  species 
as  these  Malus  and  many  Crataegus  would  not  cross. 

2.     AMELANCHIER.     THE  SERVICE  BERRIES. 

Leaves  densely  white  tomentose  when  young,  becoming  green .    1  A.  canadensis, 
Leaves  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 2  A.  laevis. 

1.  Amelanchier   canadensis    (Linnseus)    Medicus.     JUNEBERRY. 
SERVICE  BERRY.     Plate  75.     Leaves  obovate,  ovate,  oval  or  oblong, 
4-10  cm.     (13/2-3  inches)  long,  2.5-5  cm.  (1-2  inches)  wide,  cordate  at 
base,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  apex,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate;  blades 
and  petioles  densely  white  tomentose  when  young,  persisting  particular- 
ly on  petioles  with  age,  green  or  yellowish  green,  not  unfolded  at  flower- 
ing time;  racemes  short,  dense,  silky  tomentose  pedicels,  15-25  mm. 
(J^-l  inch)  long  in  fruit ;  petals  linear  or  linear-oblong  10-14  mm.  (%- 
%    inch)     long;    calyx    2.5-3    mm.    broad,  campanulate,  glabrous  or 
somewhat   woolly,    calyx  lobes  oblong-triangular,   obtuse,   tomentose 
2-3  mm.  long,  abruptly  reflexed  at  the  base  when  the  petals  fall;  summit 
of  ovary  glabrous;  fruit  scanty,   maroon-purple,   dry  and  tasteless; 
flowers  in  April  or  May;  fruit  ripening  June  or  July. 

Distribution.- — Southern  Maine  to  southern  Michigan,  Iowa, 
Kansas,  Missouri  and  south  to  Georgia  and  Louisiana. 

Bushy  tree  or  shrub  sometimes  10  meters  (35  feet)  high. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Clark  (Deam) 
1913;  Clay  (Deam)  1913;  Crawford  (Deam)  1^11;  Floyd  (Deam)  1913; 
Fountain  (L.  A.  Williamson)  1908;  Jackson  (Deam)  1911;  Jefferson 
(Deam)  1918;  Jennings  (Deam);  Lagrange  (Deam)  1915;  Tippecanoe 
(Dorner)  1900;  Warren  (Deam)  1911. 

2.  Amelanchier  laevis  Wiegand.  SMOOTH  JUNEBERRY.    SERVICE 
BERRY.       (Amelanchier   canadensis  of   Manuals,  in  part.)     Plate   76. 
Leaves  ovate-oval  to  ovate-oblong  or  sometimes  obovate  or  elliptical, 
4-6   cm.    (^-214   inches)    long,    2.5-4  cm.    (1-1 J^   inches)  wide,  apex 
short,  acuminate,  base  cordate,  rounded  or  sometimes  acute,  sharply 
serrate,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs  when  young,  dark  green  and 
slightly  glaucous  when  mature,  one-half  or  two-third  grown  at  flowering 
time;  petioles  glabrous;  racemes  many  flowered,  drooping,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so;  fruiting  pedicels   30-50    mm.    (1^-2    inches)    long;    petals 
oblong-linear,    10-18    mm.     (^-%    inch)     long;    calyx    campanulate, 
2.75-5  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  sepals  triangular,  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long, 
abruptly  reflexed  at  base  when  petals  fall;  summit  of  ovary  glabrous; 


178 
PLATE  75. 


AMELANCHIER    CANADENSIS    (Linnaeus)     Medicus.      JUNE     or    SERVICE 

BERRY,   (x  %.) 


179 

PLATE  76. 


AMELANCHIER  LAEVIS    Wiegand.     SMOOTH  JUNEBERBY  or  SERVICE  BERRY. 


180 

fruit  purple  to  nearly  black,  glaucous,  edible;  flowers  in  April  or  May; 
fruit,  June  or  July. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland,  northern  Michigan,  Kansas,  Mis- 
souri and  south  in  the  mountains  to  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Brown 
(Beam)  1910;  Dubois  (Deam)  1912;  Grant  (Beam)  1916;  Jackson 
(Beam)  1918;  Jefferson  (Beam)  1918;  Lagrange  (Beam)  1915;  Lake 
(Beam)  1911;  Laporte  (Beam)  1911,  1913;  Lawrence  (Beam)  1918; 
Owen  (Beam)  1912;  Perry  (Beam)  1919;  Porter  (Beam)  1911  and 
(Agnes  Chase);  Putnam  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam)  1913;Ripley  (Beam) 
1915;  St.  Joseph  (Beam)  1916;  Steut>en  (Beam)  1905;  Wells  (Beam) 
1898. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  sometines  13  meters  (45  feet)  high.  In  the  mountains 
of  Vermont  the  fruit  is  often  abundant,  very  juicy  and  sweet,  and  in 
much  demand  both  by  man  and  the  birds.  The  berries  on  the  long 
racemes  ripen  at  different  times  and  are  perhaps  two  weeks  in  maturing, 
thus  furnishing  food  for  some  time. 

3.     CRATAEGUS.     THORN  APPLES.     RED  HAWS. 

Large  shrubs  or  small  trees,  most  at  home  in  a  limestone  region.  This 
genus  has  been  studied  a  great  deal  in  this  country.  Much  work  is  still 
necessary  in  Indiana  since  there  are  a  number  of  other  species  that 
belong  in  this  range.  The  "knob  country"  and  southwestern  Indiana 
are  likely  to  produce  the  best  results. 

A.     Leaves  not  deltoid-cordate;  pubescent  or  glabrous. 
I.     Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle  or  apex,  cuneate. 

a.  Leaves  broadest  towards  the  apex. 

Leaves  not  impressed-veined  above,  shining I.  Crus-galli. 

1  C.  Crus-galli. 

Leaves  impressed-veined  above,  dull II.  Punctatae. 

Fruit  glabrous;  calyx  lobes  entire. 
Fruit  ellipsoidal ;  nutlets  usually  3  or  4. 
Leaves      bright      yellow-green, 
slightly      impressed      above; 

fruit   ellipsoidal 2  C.  cuneiformis. 

Leaves  dull  gray-green,  strongly 
impressed-veined;  fruit  short 

ellipsoidal 3  C.  punctata. 

Fruit  globose 4  C.  Margaretta. 

Fruit  villous;  calyx  lobes  glandular- 
serrate , 5  C.  collina. 

b.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle. 
Leaves  impressed-veined ;  nutlets  deeply 

pitted  on  inner  face III.  Macracanthse. 


181 

Leaves  dark  green,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  coriaceous. 
Fruit  sometimes  16  mm.  (%inch) 
thick;  stamens  usually  10;  leaves 

and  anthers  large 6  C.  succulenta. 

Fruit  sometimes  12  mm.  (^inch) 
thick;  stamens  15-20;  leaves   and 

anthers  smell 7  C.  neo-fluvialis. 

Leaves   gray-green,    pubescent    and 

dull  above,  subcoriaceous 8  C.  Calpodendron. 

Leaves  not  impressed- veined;  nutlets  without  pits. 

Calyx  glandular  margined,  fruit  more  than  8  mm. 

(^  inch)   thick;   leaves   not  trilobate IV.     Rotundifolise 

9  C.  chrysocarpa. 

Calyx  lobes  not  glandular  margined;  fruit  4  8  mm. 
(Jj-J/8  inch  thick) ;  leaves  often  trilobate  towards 

the  apex V.  Virides. 

Fruit  bright  red,  glaucous, 
4-6 mm.  (J^-J^inch)  thick; 

leaves  serrate 10  C.  viridis. 

Fruit  dull  dark  red,  6-8  mm. 
(K-M  inch)  thick;  leaves 

coarsely  serrate 11  C.  nitida. 

II.     Leaves  broadest  at  the  base. 

a.  Leaves  1.5-6  cm.   (H-2^  inches)  long  and  wide,  mem- 
branaceous;   calyx   lobes   usually   entire. 

Leaves  yellow-green,   often  slightly   pubescent;   fruit   soft 

at  maturity VI.     Tenuifolise. 

Fruit  ellipsoidal,  ovoid  or  pyriform  ...  12  C.  macrosperma. 
Fruit  compressed,  globose  or  subglobose.  13  C.  basilica. 

Leaves  blue-green,  glabrous;  fruit  hard  at  maturity VII.  Pruinosae. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate 14  C.  Jesupi. 

Leaves  usually  cordate. 

Fruit  conspicuously  angled,  strong- 
ly pruinose 15  C.  rugosa. 

Fruit  without  conspicuous  angles, 

slightly  pruinose 16  C.  filipes. 

Leaves  usually  cuneate. 

Leaves  deltoid 17  C.  Gattingeri. 

Leaves  ovate 18  C.  pruinosa. 

b.  Leaves  3-10  cm.  (1-4  inches)  long  and  wide;  calyx  lobes 

usually  serrate VIII.  Coccineae. 

Mature   leaves   usually   glabrous   above;   young   foliage 
bronze-green;  anthers  pink. 

Corymbs  and  fruit  glabrous 19  C.  coccinioides. 

Corymbs  and  fruit  pubescent  or  tomentose. 

20  C.  coccinea. 

Mature  leaves  tomentose  above;  young 
foliage  yellow-green;  anthers  yel- 
low  21  C.  mollis. 

B.     Leaves  conspicuously  deltoid-cordate IX.     Cordatae. 

22  C.  Phaenopyrum. 


182 

1.  Crataegus  Crus-galli  Linnaeus.  COCK-SPUR  THORN.  NEW- 
CASTLE THORN.  Plate  77.  Bark  dark  gray,  scaly;  spines  many,  strong, 
straight,  3-18  cm.  (1-7  inches)  long;  leaves  obovate  to  elliptical,  2-10 
cm.  (%-4  inches)  long,  1-4  cm.  (^-1^2  inches)  wide,  sharply  serrate, 
except  towards  the  base,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  coriaceous,  glabrous  or  occasionally  slightly 
pubescent;  petioles  slightly  winged  above,  glandless,  1-2  cm.  (%-% 
inch)  long;  corymbs  glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent,  many  flowered; 
flowers  appear  in  May  or  June,  about  1.5  cm.  (%  inch)  \vide;  stamens 
10-20;  anthers  usually  pink;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire; 
styles  and  nutlets  usually  2;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  ellipsoidal -ovoid 
to  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  (%  inch)  thick,  greenish  to  red;  flesh  hard 
and  dry,  rather  thin. 

Distribution. — Northern  New  York  to  Ontario,  eastern  Kansas 
and  south  through  western  Connecticut  to  Georgia  and  Texas.  Intro- 
duced near  Montreal,  about  Lake  Champlain  and  Nantucket  Island. 
Well  distributed  in  Indiana  (but  apparently  more  common  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  10  m.  (35  feet)  high,  with  spreading  branches 
and  a  broad  crown;  but  often  a  large  shrub.  This  is  a  variable  species 
and  has  received  many  names. 

I  have  seen  specimens  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Beam); 
Crawford  (Beam) ;  Bearborn  (Beam) ;  Becatur  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam)  ; 
Belaware  (Beam);  Bubois  (Beam);  Franklin  (Beam);  Gibson 
(Schneck),  (Beam);  Grant  (Beam);  Hancock  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam); 
Jackson  (Beam);  Knox  (Schneck);  Lawrence  (Beam);  Marion  (Mrs. 
Chas.  C.  Beam);  Posey  (Beam);  Owen  (Grimes);  Randolph  (Beam); 
Scott  (Beam);  Tippecanoe  (Beam);  Vermillion  (Beam);  Vigo  (Blatch- 
ley);  Washington  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam). 

2.  Crataegus  cuneiformis  (Marshall)  Eggleston.  (C.  pausiaca 
Ashe).  MARSHALL'S  THORN.  Plate  78.  Bark  dark  brown,  scaly; 
spines  numerous,  2-18  cm.  (%-7  inches)  long;  leaves  oblanceolate- 
obovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate 
3-6  cm.  (y<2r\.y<i inches)  wide,  dark  vivid  yellow-green,  glabrous  and  im- 
pressed veined  above  when  mature,  subcoriaceous ;  petioles  1-2  cm.  0/g-% 
inch)  long,  slightly  winged  above;  corymbs  usually  slightly  pubescent, 
many  flowered ;  flowers  appear  in  May,  1.2-1.5  cm.  (^2-%  inch)  wide; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire;  stamens,  10-15;  anthers  dark 
pink;  styles  and  nutlets  2-4;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  ellipsoidal-pyriform, 
scarlet  or  dark  red,  about  8  mm.  (%  inch)  thick,  flesh  hard,  thick. 
Distribution. — Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  south- 
western Virginia,  west  to  central  Illinois. 


183 

PLATE  77. 


CRATAEGUS  CRUS-GALLI  Linnseus.     COCK-SPUR  THORX.     (x  y2.) 


184 
PLATE  78. 


CRATAEGUS  CUNEIFORMIS   (Marshall)    Eggleston.      MARSHALL'S    THORN. 


185 

A  small  tree  sometimes  8  m.  (25  feet)  high,  with  spreading  branches, 
forming  a  flat  or  round  crown.  This  species  is  intermediate  between 
Crus-galli  and  punctata  and  has  been  found  as  yet  only  in  a  region  where 
both  these  species  are  known. 

I  have  seen  specimens  from  the  following  counties:  Clark  (Beam); 
Floyd  (Deam);  Gibson  (Schneck),  (Beam);  Hamilton  (Mrs.  Chas.  C. 
Beam) ;  Knox  (Schneck) ;  Marion  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam) ;  Posey  (Beam) ; 
Vigo  (Blatchley);  Wells  (Beam). 

3.  Crataegus  punctata  Jacquin.  LARGE-FRUITED  THORN.  BOTTED 
HAW.       Plate  79.       Bark  grayish-brown,  scaly;  leaves  light  grey,  2-5 
cm.   (%-4  inches)   long,   1-5  cm.  (%-2  inches)  broad,  dull  gray-green 
and    markedly    impressed-vein    above,    pubescent,    becoming    nearly 
glabrous  above  when  mature,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  sharply 
cuneate  at  the  base,  serrate,   doubly  serrate  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 
subcoriaceous;    petioles  1-2  cm.   (j^g-%    inch)    long,    slightly   winged 
above; corymbs tomentose  or  canescent,  many  flowered;  flowers  appear 
in  June,  about  2  cm.  (5/6  inch)  wide;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
entire;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  white  or  pink;  styles  and  nutlets 
usually  3  or  4;  fruit  ripens  in  October  or  November,  green,  yellow  or 
red,  short-ellipsoidal,  1.2-2.5  cm.  (^-1  inch)  thick,  flesh  hard,  thick; 
calyx  lobes  spreading. 

Distribution. — Quebec  to  Pennsylvania,  southeastern  Minnesota, 
Iowa,  Kentucky  and  south  to  the  high  Alleghenies.  Well  distributed 
over  Indiana.  A  small  tree,  sometimes  10  m.  (35  feet)  high,  with  dis- 
tinctly horizontal  branches  and  a  broad,  flat  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Beam) ; 
Bartholomew  (Beam);  Bearborn  (Beam);  Fulton  (Beam);  Gibson 
(Beam);  Grant  (Beam);  Hamilton  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Hendricks 
(Beam);  Howard  (Beam);  Jennings  (Beam);  Johnson  (Beam);  Marion 
(Beam);  Noble  (Beam);  Putnam  (Grimes) ;  Vermillion  (Beam); Vigo 
(Blatchley);  Wayne  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam). 

4.  Crataegus  Margaretta  Ashe.     JUDGE  BROWN'S  THORN.     MRS. 
ASHE'S  THORN.     Plate  80.     Bark  dark  grayish-brown;  spines  curved, 
2-4  cm.  (%-!%  inches)   long;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  ovate,  some- 
times broadly  so,  2-6  cm.  (%-2 finches)  long,  2-4  cm.    (%-lJ^  inches) 
wide,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
serrate  or  doubly  serrate  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  acute  or  obtuse  lobes  towards 
the  apex,  glabrous  when  mature,  dark  green  above,  membranaceous; 
petioles     1-3   cm.    (^g-1^    inches)    long,     slightly  winged;     corymbs 
slightly  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous,  5-12  flowered;  flowers  appear  in 
May,  1.5-2  cm.  (^-5/6  inch)  wide;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  yellow; 
styles  and  nutlets  usually  2;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  slightly 


186 
PLATE  79. 


CRATAEGUS      PUNCTATA   Jacquin.     LARGE-FRUITED   THORN,     (x 


187 
PLATE  80. 


mr 


CRAT^GUS  MARGARETTA  Ashe.     JUDGE  BROWN'S  THORN.     MRS.  ASHE'S 

THORN,     (x  ^.) 


188 

pubescent  inside;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  dull  rusty  green,  yellow  or  red, 
compressed-globose,  to  short  ellipsoidal,  angular,  8-25  mm.  (Yi-% 
inch)  thick,  flesh-yellow,  mealy,  hard,  thick;  calyx  lobes  reflexed,  de- 
ciduous. 

Distribution. — Southern  Ontario  to  central  Iowa,  western  Virginia, 
Tennessee  and  Missouri.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  the  northern 
part  of  the  State 

A  small  tree  sometimes  8  m.  (25  feet)  high,  with  spreading  branches. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Deam) ; 
Blackford  (Deam);  Cass  (Mrs.  Ida  Jackson);  Delaware  (Deam);  Elk- 
hart  (Deam);  Fulton  (Deam);  Grant  (Deam);  Henry  (Deam);  Hun- 
tington  (Deam);  Johnson  (Deam);  Lagrange  (Deam);  Lawrence 
(Deam);  Noble  (Deam);  Randolph  (Deam);  Steuben  (Deam);  Tipton 
(Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Deam) ;  Wayne  (Deam);  Wells  (Deam). 

5.  Crataegus  collina  Chapman.   CHAPMAN'S  HILL  THORN.     Plate 

81.  Bark  dark  gray,  scaly;  spines  numerous,  about  3-7  cm.  (1-2% 
inches)  long;  often  numerous  branched  thorns  on  the  trunk  15-20  cm. 
(6-8  inches)   long,  brown;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,   2-6   cm. 
(3^-2  %  inches)  long,  1.5-5  cm.  (%-2  inches)  wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  strongly  cuneate,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  with  obtuse  lobes 
towards  the  apex,  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green,  j^oung  leaves  somewhat 
pubescent,  becoming  glabrous  with  age;  petioles  about  2.5  cm.  (1  inch) 
long,  slightly  hairy,  somewhat  winged;  corymbs  and  calyx  pubescent; 
flowers  about    15    mm.   (%    inch)    wide;  stamens   10-20,  usually  20, 
anthers  usually  yellow;  styles  and  nutlets,  4-5;  calyx  lobes  glandular- 
ciliate  or  glandular-serrate;  fpuit  ripens  in  October,    globose  or  com- 
pressed-globose, red  or  orange-red,  9-12  mm.  (%-%  inch)  thick;  calyx 
tube  somewhat  prominent,  the  lobes  reflexed. 

Distribution. — Virginia  to  Georgia,  Indiana,  Missouri  and  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Only  one  station  known  in  Indiana;  Deam's  No.  12449  from  Dearborn 

County. 

A  tree  sometimes  8  meters  (25  feet)  high  with  spreading  branches  and 

a  broad  flat  crown. 

6.  Crataegus  succulenta  Schrader.   LONG-SPINED  THORN.    Plate 

82.  Bark  gray;  spines  numerous,  strong,  3-10  cm.  (13/2-4  inches)  long, 
chestnut-brown;  leaves   rhombic-ovate  to  obovate,  3-8  cm.  (1^-3^ 
inches)  long,  2.5-6  cm.  (1-2%  inches)  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  broadly 
cuneate  at  the  base,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  with  fine  teeth,  often 
lobed  towards  the  apex,  coriaceous,  dark  shining  green  above,  pube- 
scent along  the  veins   beneath;   petioles    1-2   cm.    (%-%   inch)    long, 
slightly    winged    above;    corymbs    slightly    villous,    many-flowered; 


189 
PLATE  81. 


CRAT^EGUS  COLLINA  Chapman.     CHAPMAN'S  HILL  THORN,     (x 


190 

PLATE  82. 


CRAT^EGUS   SUCCULENTA   Schrader.     LONG-SPINED   THORN,     (x 


191 

flowers  appear  in  May,  about  2  cm.  (%  inch)  broad;  stamens  10-20, 
usually  10;  anthers  pink  or  occasionally  yellow  or  white,  large;  styles 
and  nutlets  usually  2  or  3;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  glandular- 
laciniate,  villous;  fruit  ripens  in  September,  subglobose,  5-15  mm. 
(%-%  inch)  thick,  dark  red,  shining,  flesh  thin,  glutinous;  nutlet  with 
deep  pits  on  the  inner  faces;  calyx-lobes  villous,  re  flexed. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska  and  south  in 
the  higher  Alleghenies  to  North  Carolina  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  southern  Colorado.  As  yet  reported  only  from  northern  to  central 
Indiana. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  ascending  branches 
and  a  broad,  irregular  crown;  more  often,  however,  a  large  shrub. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Deam) ; 
Cass  (Mrs.  Ida  Jackson) ;  Fulton  (Deam) ;  Noble  (VanGorder) ;  Putnam 
(Grimes);  Tippecanoe  (Deam);  Wells  (Deam). 

Horticultural  Uses. — Highly  ornamental  for  parks  and  hedges 
because  of  the  abundant  flowers,  dark  green  shining  leaves  and  its  dark 
red  shining  fruit. 

7.  Crataegus  neo-fluvialis  Ashe.      NEW  RIVER  THORN.  Plate  83. 
Bark  grayish;  spines  numerous,  2.5-8  cm.   (1-3  inches)  long;  leaves 
elliptical-ovate  to  obovate,  2.5-8  cm.  (1-3  inches)  long,  2-6  cm.  (%-2% 
inches)  wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply 
and  doubly  serrate,  with  obtuse  or  acute  lobes  towards  the  apex,  coria- 
ceous, dark  green  and  shining  above,  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath; 
petioles  1-2  cm.    (%-%  inch)  long,   slightly   winged-above;    corymbs 
and  calyx-tubes  glabrous  or  slightly  villous,  many-flowered;  flowers 
appear  in    May,    1.2-1.6   cm.    (J^-%    inch)— broad,    stamens    15-20, 
anthers  usually  pink,  small;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  2  or  3;  calyx 
lobes   more    villous    on  the   inside,   lanceolate-acuminate,    glandular- 
laciniate;  fruit  ripens  in  September,  globose  or  short  ellipsoidal,  dark 
red,  4-13  mm.    (%-%  inch)   thick,  flesh  thin,   glutinous,  nutlets  with 
deep  pits  in  the  inner  faces;  calyx  lobes  reflexed,  glabrous  or  slightly 
hairy. 

Distribution. — Western  Vermont  to  eastern  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and 
south  in  the  Alleghenies  to  North  Carolina. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  8  m.  (30  feet)  high,  with  ascending  and  spread- 
ing branches. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Allen  (Deam);  Fulton  (Deam); 
Shelby  (Deam);  Wells  (Deam). 

8.  Crataegus  Calpodendron    (Ehrhart)  Medicus.     PEAR-THORN. 
PEAR  or  RED  HAW.      Plate  84.      Bark  pale  gray  to  dark  brown,  fur- 
rowed; spines  occasional,  slender  3-5   cm.    (lJ^-2  inches)  long;  leaves 


CRAT^GUS  NEO-FLUVlALIS  Ashe.     NEW  RIVERTHOEN     (x 


193 

PLATE  84. 


CRAT^GUS  CALPODENDRON   (Ehrhart)  Medieus.     PEAR-THORN,     (x  ^.) 


rhombic-ovate,  4-11  cm.  (13^-43^  inches)  long,  3-8  cm.  (1^-3  inches 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  those  on 
the  vegetative  shoots  obtuse  and  more  entire  than  the  others,  pube- 
scent on  both  sides,  becoming  scabrate  above,  subcoriaceous,  dull  green 
above;  petioles  about  2  cm.  (%  inch)  long,  wing  margined,  glandular 
hairy;  corymbs  white-tomentose,  many  flowered;  flowers  appear  in 
June,  about  1.5  cm.  (^  inch)  broad;  stamens  about  20;  anthers 
small,  pink;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  2  or  3;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  glandular  laciniate;  fruit  ripens  in  September,  pyriform 
to  ellipsoidal,  orange-red  or  red,  8-10  mm.  (%  inch)  thick,  flesh  glu- 
tinous; nutlets  with  deep  pits  in  their  inner  faces;  calyx  lobes  reflexed. 

Distribution. — Central  New  York,  northeastern  New  Jersey  to 
Minnesota  and  Missouri  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  northern 
Georgia. 

A  large  shrub  or  occasionally  a  tree  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  ascend- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  examined  from  the  following  counties;  Boone 
(Deam);  Floyd  (Deam);  Hancock  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Harrison 
(Beam);  Marion  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Posey  (Beam);  Putnam 
(Grimes) ;  Tippecanoe  (Stanley  Coulter) ;  Wells  (Beam) ;  White  (Beam) ; 
Whitley  (Beam). 

9.  Crataegus  chrysocarpa  Ashe.  (Crataegus  Dodgei  Sargent. 
Crataegus  rotundifolia,  Borckhausen.)  ROUND-LEAVED  THORN.  Plate 
85.  Bark  dark  red-brown,  scaly;  spines  numerous,  chestnut-brown, 
curved,  2-5  cm.  (1-2  inches)  long;  leaves  ovate-orbicular  or  obovate, 
3-6  cm.  (134-234  inches)  long,  2-6  cm.  (%-2  14  inches)  wide,  acute 
at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate  with  rather 
coarse  teeth  and  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  acute  lobes,  subcoriaceous,  dark 
yellow-green  and  shining  above,  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrous;  corymbs 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent;  flowers  10-15  mm.  (1A~%  inch) 
wide;  stamens  5-10;  anthers  light  yellow;  styles  and  nutlets  usually 
3-4;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  usually  entire,  but  glandular 
margined;  fruit  depressed  globose  to  short  ovoid,  about  10  mm.  (Y^ 
inch)  thick,  flesh  soft;  calyx  lobes  reflexed. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Saskatchewan, 
south  to  Nebraska  and  Pennyslvania  and  in  the  mountains  to  North 
Carolina  and  New  Mexico. 

Round  topped  shrub  or  tree  sometimes  8  meters  (25  feet)  high. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Belaware  and 
Lagrange  (Beam). 


195 

PLATE  85. 


CRAT^EGUS     CHRYSOCARPA  Ashe.     ROUND-LEAVED  THORN, 


196 

PLATE  80. 


CRATyEGUS  VIRIDIS  Linnaeus.     SOUTHERN  THORN,     (x 


197 

10.  Crataegus  viridis    Linnaeus.     SOUTHERN  THORN.      Plate  86. 
Bark  gray  to  light   orange;    spines    uncommon,    2-5     cm.     (%fc-3  34 
inches)  long;  leaves   oblong-ovate,    2-8  cm.    (3/£-334  inches)   long,   2-5 
cm.  (}/2-2  inches)  wide,  acute,  acuminate  or  even  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
serrate  or  doubly  serrate,  often  with  acute  or  obtuse  lobes  towards  the 
apex,  dark  green,  shining  and  slightly  impressed  veined  above,  some- 
times pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  1-2  cm.   0/g-%  inch) 
long,  slightly  winged  above;  corymbs  glabrous,  many  flowered;  flowers 
appear    in  May,    1-1.5  cm.    (j^-%  inch)    broad;  stamens  about  20; 
anthers  usually  yellow,  sometimes  pink;  styles  and  nutlets  4  or  5; 
calyx   lobes    lanceolate-acuminate,   entire,   slightly   pubescent   inside; 
fruit  ripens  in  October,  globose  or  compressed-globose,  bright  red  or 
orange,  glaucous,  4-6  mm.  (i^  inch)  thick,  flesh  thin,  hard,  edible. 

Distribution. — Moist,  alluvial  soil  along  streams  and  lakes,  south- 
eastern Virginia  to  northern  Florida  and  southwestern  Indiana  to  eastern 
Kansas  and  Texas. 

A  tree  from  6-11  m.  (20-35  feet)  high,  with  ascending  branches  and  a 
broad  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  examined  from  the  following  counties:  Dubois 
(Deam) ;  Gibson  (Schneck),  (Deam);  Knox  (Schneck);  Posey  (Beam). 

11.  Crataegus    nitida    (Engelmann)    Sargent.     SHINING   THORN. 
Plate  87.      Bark  dark  and  scaly;  spines  occasional,  3-5  cm.  (1-2  inches) 
long;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oval,    3-8   cm.    (1^-3  inches)   long,   2-6 
cm.  (3^-2  34  inches)  wide,  acute   at  the  apex,   cuneate   at  the  base, 
coarsely  serrate  or  twice  serrate  with  acute  lobes  towards  the  apex, 
dark  green  and  shining  above,  glabrous;  petioles  1-2  cm.  (s/g-^  inch) 
long,  slightly  winged  above,  slightly    villous    when  young;  corymbs 
glabrous,  many- flowered ;  flowers    appear  in    May,    1.2-2  cm.    (3^-M 
inch)  broad;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  light  yellow;  styles  and  nutlets 
3-5;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire;  fruit  ripens  in  October, 
globose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  darkdull  red,  6-9  mm.  (34~3/2  inch)  thick; 
flesh   yellow,   mealy,   hard. 

Distribution. — River  bottoms  southwestern  Indiana  to  southern 
Illinois.  A  tree  sometimes  9  m.  (30  feet)  high,  with  ascending  and 
spreading  branches  and  a  broad  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Gibson  (Schneck);  Posey  (Deam). 

12.  Crataegus   macrosperma   Ashe.     VARIABLE   THORN.     Plate 
88.     Bark    brown,    scaly;    spines    numerous,  stout,    curved,    2-7    cm. 
(24-224     inches)    long;    leaves    broadly    elliptical-ovate    to    broadly 
ovate,  2-7  cm.  (%-2  ^  inches)  long  and   wide,   acute    at    the    apex, 
rounded,  truncate  or  rarely  cordate  at  the  base,  serrate  or  doubly 
serrate,  slightly  villous,  becoming  glabrate,  dark  yellow-green  above, 


198 
PLATE  87. 


CRAT^EGUS  NITIDA  (Englemann)  Sargent.    SHINING  THORN,     (x 


199 
PLATE  88. 


CRAT^EGUS   MACROSPERMA    Ashe.      VARIABLE    THORN     (x 


200 

membranaceous ;  petioles  slender,  2-3  cm.  (%-l  14  inches)  long, 
slightly  winged  above;  corymbs  glabrous  or  slightly  villous,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  appear  in  May,  1.5-2  cm.  (i^-^inch)  broad;  stamens 
5-20,  usually  5-10;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  3  or  4;  calyx  lobes  lance- 
olate-acuminate, entire;  fruit  ripens  in  August  or  September,  ellipsoidal 
or  pyriform,  scarlet  to  crimson,  often  glaucous,  1-1.8  cm.  (J£-%  inch) 
thick,  flesh  succulent,  edible;  calyx  lobes  persistent,  erect  or  spreading. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  and  Maine  to  southeastern  Minnesota 
and  south  in  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Usually  a  large  shrub  but  occasionally  a  small  tree,  sometimes  8  m. 
(25  feet)  high,  with  ascending  branches. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Beam) ; 
Bartholomew  (Deam) ;  Clark  (Beam) ;  Becatur  (Beam) ;  Fulton  (Beam); 
Hancock  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam);  Madison  (Beam);  Porter  (Beam); 
Randolph  (Beam) ;  Shelby  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam) ;  Washington  (Beam); 
Wells  (Beam);  Whitley  (Beam). 

Crataegus  macrosperma  Ashe.  var.  matura  (Sargent)  Eggleston. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  acuminate,  often  recurved ;  fruit  ripens  early. 

Distribution. — Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Beam's  specimen 
No.  14187  from  Wells  County. 

13.  Crataegus    basilica    Beadle.      (Crataegus    alnorum    Sargent. 
Crataegus  Edsoni  Sargent).     EDSON'S  THORN.     Plate  89.   Bark  brown, 
scaly;  spines  2.5-4  cm.  (1-1>£  inches)  long,  stout,  curved;  leaves  ovate, 
3-7   cm.    (1  i/£-2  34  inches)   long,   acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate 
or  truncate  at  base,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  with  acute  lobes,  dull 
dark  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath;  corymbs  glabrous,  many  flower- 
ed; flowers  15-20  mm.  (^-J^  inch)  broad;  stamens  about  20;  anthers 
pink;  styles  and  nutlets  3-5;  fruit  subglobose,  slightly  angular,  dark 
cherry-red,  12-15  mm.  (^-^  inch)  thick,  flesh  succulent;  calyx  lobes 
erect  or  spreading. 

Distribution. — New  England  to  southern  Michigan,  northern 
Indiana  and  Pennsylvania  to  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

A  broad  shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  4.5  meters  (15  feet)  high, 
branches  ascending. 

Specimens   examined:    Wells    (Beam). 

14.  Crataegus  Jesupi  Sargent.     JESUP'S  THORN.     TWIN  MOUN- 
TAIN THORN.     Plate.  90.     Bark  grayish-brown;  spines  stout,  straight 
2-4  cm.    (%-l Yi  inches)  long;  leaves  elliptical-ovate,  3.5-7  cm.  (1^-3 
inches)  long,  2-5.5  cm.  (1-2  inches)  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
broadly  cuneate  to  truncate-cordate,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate,  with  4 
or  5  pairs  of  acute  lobes,  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous; 


201 

PLATE  89. 


CRAT^EGUS  BASILICA  Beadle.     EDSON'S  THORN,     (x  Y2.) 


202 

PLATE  90. 


CRAT^EGUS  JESUPI  Sargent.     JESTJP'S  THORN,     (x 


203 

petioles  slender,  2-3.5  cm.  (^-li/£  inches)  long,  slightly  winged  above; 
corymbs  glabrous,  many-flowered ;  flowers  appear  in  May,  about  2  cm. 
(5/6  inch)  broad;  stamens  about  10;  anthers  dark  red;  styles  and  nut- 
lets usually  3  or  4;  calyx  lobes  entire;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  short- 
ellipsoidal  to  pyriform,  dark  red,  slightly  angled,  lacking  bloom  when 
mature,  about  1  cm.  (^  inch)  thick,  flesh  yellow,  firm;  calyx  lobes 
mostly  deciduous. 

Distribution. — Western  Vermont,  to  southwestern  Wisconsin  and 
south  to  Pennsylvania  and  Owen  County,  Indiana. 

A  shrubby  tree,  sometimes  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  ascending  branch- 
es and  a  round  crown. 

Specimens  examined:  Owen  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Deam). 

15.  Crataegus  rugosa  Ashe.     (Crataegus  deltoides  Ashe).   FRETZ'S 
THORN.     Plate  91.     Spines  numerous,  3-6  cm.   (1  J4-2H  inches)  long, 
stout  curved;    leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-7  cm.   (l-2<^  inches)   long  and 
broad,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
serrate  or  twice  serrate  with  4-6  pairs  of  broad  acuminate  lobes,  glabrous, 
membranaceous;    petioles    1-3    cm.    (%-!%    inches)    long,    glabrous; 
corymbs  many-flowered,  glabrous;  flowers  appear  in  May,  about  2  cm. 
(5/6  inch)   broad;  stamens   10-20;  anthers  pink;  styles  and  nutlets 
usually  4  or  5;  calyx  lobes  deltoid-acuminate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate 
at  the  base;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  depressed-globose,  bright  red, 
angular,  glabrous,  waxy,  1-1.5  cm.   (J^-%  inch)   thick,    flesh   yellow, 
somewhat  succulent;  calyx  lobes  persistent,  spreading,  the  tube  rather 
prominent. 

Distribution. — Southwestern  New  England  to  southern  Indiana 
and  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

A  shrub  or  tree  sometimes  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  ascending  branches 
and  an  irregular  crown. 

Specimens  examined:  Allen  (Deam);  Decatur  (Deam);  Grant 
(Deam);  Jennings  (Deam);  Owen  (Deam);  Perry  (Deam);  Wells 
(Deam). 

16.  Crataegus  filipes  Ashe.     Miss  BECKWITH'S  THORN.     (Cratae- 
gus silvicola  var.  Beckwithae  (Sargent)  Eggleston.      Plate  92.      Spines 
numerous,  curved,  chestnut-brown,  2.5  to  6  cm.  (1-2^  inches)  long; 
bark   slightly    scaly;   leaves    2-7   cm.   (^-2^    inches)  long,  2-6    cm. 
(5€"2H  inches)  wide;    leaves    ovate,    acute    or    acuminate  at   apex, 
rounded,  truncate  or  on  vegetative  shoots  cordate  at  base,  serrate  or 
doubly  serrate,  lower  pair  of  acuminate  lobes  often  deeply  cut,  mem- 
branaceous, glabrous;  corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  about  2  cm.  (%  inch) 
broad;  stamens  about  10;   anthers  pink;  styles  and  nutlets  3-5;  fruit 
globose  or  compressed  globose,  cherry-red,  8-10  mm.    (^  inch)  thick, 
ripens  in  October. 


204 
PLATE  91. 


CRAT.EGUS  RUGOSA  Ashe.     FRETZ'S  THORX.     (x 


205 
PLATE  92. 


CRAT^EGUS    FILIPES  Ashe.     Miss  BECKWITH'S  THORN,     (x 


206 

Distribution. — Western  New  England  to  central  Michigan  and 
south  to  Pennsylvania  and  southern  Indiana. 

A  shrub  or  tree  sometimes  9  meters  (30  feet)  high,  with  irregular 
ascending  branches. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Perry  County,   Beam's  No.  27104. 

17.  CrataegusGattingeriAshe.     (Crataegus  coccinea  var.  oligandra 
Torrey  and  Gray).   DR.  CLAPP'S  THORN.   GATTINGER'S  THORN.    Plate 
93.  Spines  numerous,  2.5-6  cm.  (1-2  inches)  long;  leaves  narrowly  ovate 
to  deltoid,  2.5-6  cm.   (1-2%  inches)  long,  2-5  cm.  (%-2  inches)   wide, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  serrate 
or  doubly  serrate,  lobed  towards  the  apex,  membranaceous,  glabrous, 
dark  green  above;   petioles  glabrous,   2-3   cm.    (%-li^  inches)   long; 
corymbs  glabrous,  many- flowered ;  flowers  appear    in  May,    about  2 
cm.  (34  inch)   broad;  stamens  10-20;  anthers  small,  pink;  styles  and 
nutlets  usually  3  or  4;  fruit  ripens  in  October,  globose,  angular,  red, 
slightly  waxy,   0.8-1.2  cm.    (%-%  inch)  thick,  flesh  hard;  calyx  tube 
prominent,  the  lobes  triangular,  spreading. 

Distribution. — Southern  Pennsylvania  and  southern  Indiana  to 
West  Virginia  and  central  Tennessee. 

Shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  4.5  m.  (15  feet)  high,  with  ascending, 
irregular  branches. 

Specimens  seen  from:  Floyd  (Dr.  Clapp,  before  1840);  Knox 
(Schneck);  Perry  (Deam);  Steuben  (Deam);  Wells  (Deam). 

18.  Crataegus  pruinosa   (Wendland)  K.  Koch.     WAXY-FRUITED 
THORN.      Plate  94.     Bark  dark  brown;  spines  numerous,  slender,  3-6 
cm.   (1^-2%  inches)  long;    leaves    elliptic-ovate    to    broadly  ovate, 
2.5-6  cm.  (1-2%  inches)  long  and  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
abruptly  cuneate,  rounded  or  occasionally  cordate  at  the  base,  serrate 
or  doubly  serrate  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  broad    acute  lobes  towards  the 
apex,  blue-green,  glabrous,  membranaceous;  petioles  2  or  3  cm.    (% 
li^     inches)     long,     glabrous;     corymbs     glabrous,    many-flowered; 
flowers  appear  in  May,  about  2  cm.  (5/6  inch)  broad;  stamens  10-20; 
anthers  pink  or  sometimes  yellow  or  white;  styles  and  nutlets  4  or  5; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire",  slightly  serrate  at  the  base; 
fruit  ripens  in  October,  depressed-globose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  strongly 
angled,  waxy,  apple  green,  becoming  scarlet  or  purple,   1.2-1.5  c.m. 
(3/2-%  inch),  thick,  firm,   yellow,   sweet;   calyx   tube  prominent,  the 
lobes  spreading,  persistent. 

Distribution. — Rocky,  open  woods,  western  New  England  to 
Michigan  and  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  Well  distributed 
in  Indiana. 


207 

PLATE  93. 


CRAT^GUS     GATTINGERI     Ashe.     DR.     GATTINGER'S     THORN,     (x 


208 
PLATE  94. 


CRAT^EGUS   PRUINOSA    (Wendland)    K.    Koch.     WAXY-FRUITED    THORN. 


A  small  shrubby  tree  sometimes  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  irregular 
branches  and  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Allen  (Deam); 
Clark  (Deam);  Decatur  (Deam);  Delaware  (Deam);  Gibson  (Deam); 
Hamilton  (Deam);  Hancock  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Deam);  Lagrange  (Deam); 
Madison  (Deam);  Marion  (Deam);  Monroe  (Deam);  Porter  (Deam); 
Putnam  (Grimes);  Randolph  (Deam);  Steuben  (Deam);  Sullivan 
(Deam);  Tipton  (Deam);  Vermillion  (Deam);  Warren  (Deam);  Wayne 
(Deam);  Wells  (Deam). 

19.  Crataegus   coccinioides  Ashe.   EGGERT'S  THORN.  (Crataegus 
Eggertii  Britton).     Plate  95.      Bark  grayish-brown,  scaly;  spines  curved, 
2-6  cm.  (%-23/£  inches)   long;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  4-9  cm.   (1^-3^ 
inches)  long  3.5-8  cm.   (1^-3  inches)  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate  with  several  pairs  of  broad,  acute 
lobes,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  slightly  tomentose  along  the  veins 
beneath,  membranaceous ;   petioles  2   to    3  cm.  (^-1^    inches)   long, 
slightly  pubescent ;  corymbs  glabrous,  5-12  flowered;  flowers  appear  in 
May,  about  2  cm.  (5/6  inch)  broad;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  pink; 
styles  and  nutlets  usually  4  or  5;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute,  glandular- 
serrate;  fruit  ripens  in  September,    subglobose,  obtusely  angled,  1.5-2 
cm.  (%-l  inch)  thick,  flesh  reddish,  subacid,  edible;  calyx  tube  promi- 
nent, the  lobes  spreading. 

Distribution. — Montreal  Island  to  Rhode  Island  and  west  to 
eastern  Kansas  and  Missouri. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  6  m.  (20  feet)  high,  with  ascending  and 
spreading  branches  and  a  broad,  round-topped  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from:  Floyd  (Dr.  Clapp,  before  1840), 
(Deam);  Gibson  (Schneck);  Marion  (Deam);  Martin  (Deam);  Vigo 
(Blatchley);  Whitley  (Deam). 

20.  Crataegus  coccinea  Linnaeus.     SCARLET  THORN.     RED  HAW. 
(Crataegus  pedicillata  Sargent).        Plate  96.       Bark  light  gray,  spines 
stout,  curved,   2-6  cm.    (%-2  inches)  long;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-10 
cm.  (lJ^-4    inches)  long,    3-9    cm.    (1^-3^    inches)    wide,    acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate, 
doubly  serrate  or  lobed,  slightly  pubescent,  becoming  scabrous  above, 
nearly  glabrous  beneath,  membranaceous;  corymbs  glabrous  or  some- 
times slightly  villous,  many-flowered;  flowers  appear  in  May,  1.5-2  cm. 
(2^-5/6  inch)  broad;  stamens  10-20;  anthers  pink;  styles  and  nutlets 
3-5;  fruit  ripens  in  September,  pyriform  to  short  ellipsoidal,  scarlet  or 
red,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,    1.5-2    cm.    (^-5/6  inch)  thick, 
flesh  thick,  dry  and  mealy ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  glandular- 
serrate,  erect  or  spreading,  rather  persistent. 


210 
PLATE  95. 


CRAT^GUS  COCCINOIDES  Ashe.     EGGERT'S  THORN,     (x 


211 

PLATE  96. 


CRAT^EGUS    COCC1NEA    Linnaeus.     SCARLET    THORN,     (x 


212 

Distribution. — Connecticut  to  Ontario,  Illinois,  Delaware  and 
Pennsylvania. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  8  m.  (25  feet)  high,  with  ascending  and 
spreading  branches  and  a  broad,  round-topped  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  following  counties:  Floyd  (Beam) ; 
Knox  (Deam);  Noble  (VanGorder);  Steuben  (Beam);  White  (Beam). 

Horticultural  Uses. — This  fine  tree  has  been  in  the  gardener's  hands 
several  centuries.  There  are  specimens  in  the  Kew  Gardens,  England, 
more  than  two  hundred  years  old. 

20a.  Crataegus  coccinea  var.  Ellwangeriana,  n.  nom.  (Cra- 
taegus  pedicillata  var.  Ellwangeriana  (Sargent)  Eggleston).  Corymbs 
densely  villous ;  fruit  slightly  villous. 

Distribution. — Known  in  Indiana  from  Beam's  specimen  No. 
27355  from  Warren  County. 

21.  Crataegus  mollis  (Torrey  and  Gray)  Scheele.  RED-FRUITED 
01  BOWNY  THORN.  REDRAW.  Plate  97.  Bark  grayish-brown,  fissured 
and  scaly;  spines  curved,  3-5  cm.  (1-2  inches)  long;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate  or  twice 
serrate  with  narrow  acute  lobes,  4-13  cm.  (1^-5  inches,)  long,  4-10  cm. 
(1^-4  inches)  wide,  slightly  rugose,  densely  tomentose  beneath,  to- 
mentose  above,  becoming  scabrous,  membranaceous ;  petioles  2-4  cm. 
04-1^  inches)  long,  tomentose;  corymbs  tomentose,  many- flowered; 
flowers  appear  in  May,  about  2.5  cm.  (1  inch)  broad;  stamens  about  20; 
anthers  light  yellow;  styles  and  nutlets  4  or  5;  fruit  ripens  in  September, 
short-ellipsoidal  to  subglobose,  scarlet,  1.5-2.5  cm.  (^-1  inch)  thick, 
flesh  thick,  yellow,  edible;  calyx  lobes  glandular-serrate,  swollen,  erect 
or  spreading,  deciduous. 

Distribution. — Southern  Ontario  to  South  Bakota,  south  to  central 
Tennessee  and  Arkansas.  This  thorn  is  well  distributed  over  Indiana. 

A  small  tree  often  13  m.  (40  feet)  high,  with  ascending  and  spreading 
branches,  forming  a  broad,  round-topped  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  examined  from  the  following  counties:  Allen 
(Beam) ;  Cass  (Mrs.  Ida  Jackson) ;  Bearborn  (Beam) ;  Becatur  (Beam) ; 
Belaware  (Beam) ;  Floyd  (Beam) ;  Gibson  (Schneck),  (Beam) ;  Hancock 
(Beam);  Hendricks  (Beam);  Henry  (Beam);  Jackson  (Beam);  Knox 
(Schneck),  (Beam);  Madison  (Beam);  Marion  (Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Beam); 
Montgomery  (Grimes);  Posey  (Beam);  Putnam  (Grimes);  Shelby 
(Beam);  Sullivan  (Beam);  Vermillion  (Beam);  Wells  (Beam);  Whit- 
ley  (Beam). 


213 

PLATE  97. 


CRAT^EGUS      MOLLIS      (Torrey   and   Gray)    Scheele.    RED-FRUITED  THORN. 


214 

22.  Crataegus  Phaenopyrum  (Linnaeus  fils)  Medicus.  WASH- 
INGTON THORN.  SCARLET  HAW.  (Crataegus  cordata  Alton).  Plate  98. 
Bark  grayish-brown,  scaly;  spines  numerous,  slightly  curved,  2-5  cm. 
(3^-2  inches)  long;  leaves  ovate-triangular,  2-8  cm.  (^-3  inches)  long 
and  wide,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  often  3-5  lobed,  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded  to  cordate  at  the  base,  bright  green  above,  glabrous;  petioles 
slender,  1.5-5 cm.  Q^-2  inches)  long,  glabrous;  corymbs  glabrous, many- 
flowered;  flowers  appear  in  June,  8-12  mm.  (^-^  inch)  broad;  stamens 
about  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  5;  calyx  lobes  del- 
toid, entire,  deciduous;  fruit  ripens  in  October  or  November,  depressed- 
globose,  scarlet,  4-6  mm.  (%-%  inch)  thick,  nutlets  with  a  bare 
apex  and  smooth  back,  flesh  thin,  firm. 

•  Distribution. — Virginia  to  Georgia,  Indiana  to  Arkansas.  Moist 
rich  soil.  Naturalized  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Possibly  it 
may  be  naturalized  at  the  Indiana  station.  More  knowledge  of  dis- 
tribution in  southern  Indiana  is  needed  to  settle  this  question. 

A  shrubby  tree  sometimes  9  m.  (30  feet)  high,  with  nearly  erect 
branches  and  an  oblong  crown. 

Specimens  have  been  seen  from  Wayne  (Beam).  It  also  occurs  in  the 
Wabash  Valley. 

Horticultural  Uses. — This  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  thorns  for 
ornamental  planting  and  hedges.  Its  scarlet  autumn  foliage  and 
beautiful  little  scarlet  fruit  persist  for  a  long  time.  It  is  also  one  of  the 
American  thorns  long  in  cultivation,  both  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States. 

Crataegus  albicans  Linnaeus.  This  species  was  reported  for 
Indiana  by  Heimlich.1 

The  material  at  hand  is  not  sufficient  to  make  a  satisfactory  deter- 
mination, hence  it  is  omitted  in  the  text. 

According  to  the  treatment  of  the  genus  Crataegus  in  Brit  ton  and 
Brown's  Illustrated  Flora,  2nd  Edition,  the  range  of  the  following 
species  extend  into  Indiana. 
Throughout  the  State—  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State— 

C.     Boyntoni.  C.  Brainerdi. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  State—  C.  lucorum. 

C.  roanensis. 

C.  berberifolia  .  C-  beata- 

C.  denaria.  C-  villiPes- 

C.  fecunda.  C- 

C.  ovata. 


'Free.  Ind.  Acad.   Sci.   1917:445:1918. 


CRAT^EGUS    PILENOPYRUM     (Linnaeus    filius)     Medieus.       WASHINGTON 

THORN,     (x^-) 


216 


AMYGDALACEAE.     THE  PLUM  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  petioled  and  usually  serrate 
leaves;  flowers  perfect,  calyx  and  corolla  5  numerous,  stamens  15-30; 
fruit  a  1 -seeded  drupe. 

The  characters  which  separate  the  species  are  not  at  all  constant, 
and  the  species  often  vary  much  in  the  extremes  of  their  range. 


PRUNUS.     THE  PLUMS  AND  CHERRIES. 

Flowers  in  umbel  like  clusters,  or  somewhat  corymbose,  ap- 
pearing before  or  with  the  leaves  on  branchlets  of  the 
preceding  year. 
Margins  of  leaves  with  sharp  teeth. 

Petioles  glabrous  beneath 1  P.  americana. 

Petioles  more  or  less  pubescent  all  around 2  P.  americana 

var.  lanata. 
Margins  of  leaves  with  blunt  or  crenate  teeth. 

Teeth  of  center  of  leaves  about  10  per  cm. ;  calyx  lobes 

glandular;  fruit  more  than  10  mm.  in  diameter. 
Principal  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  generally  more 
than  4  cm.  broad;  flowers  white  and  generally  more 

than  17  mm.  wide 3  P.  nigra. 

Principal  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  generally  less  than 
4  cm.  broad;  flowers  white  which  on  age  show  a 
tinge  of  pink  and  generally  less  than  17  mm.  wide.  4  P.  hortulana. 
Teeth  of  center  of  leaves  about  20  per  cm.;  calyx  lobes 

glandless;  fruit  less  than  10  mm.  in  diameter 5  P.  pennsylvanica. 

Flowers  in  racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves  on  twigs  of 

the  present  year 6  P.  serotina. 

1.  Primus  americana  Marshall.  WILD  RED  PLUM.  Plate  99 
Small  trees  with  crooked  branches;  bark  of  old  trees  exfoliating  in 
irregular  plates;  twigs  smooth;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  5-9  cm.  long, 
2.5-5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate 
at  apex,  margins  sharply  serrate  or  doubly  serrate,  glabrous  above  and 
smooth  below,  or  hairy  on  the  veins  and  sometimes  more  or  less  pube- 
scent over  the  whole  under  surface,  inner  surface  of  petiole  more  or  less 
hairy  and  sometimes  bearing  one  or  two  glands;  flowers  appear  in  April 
or  May  before  or  with  the  leaves  in  clusters  of  2-4  or  sometimes  singly, 
about  2  cm.  in  diameter,  calyx  smooth  or  with  some  hairs  near  the  base 
of  the  lobes  which  are  pubescent  within  and  smooth  or  hairy  without, 
lobes  entire  or  cut-toothed  above  the  middle,  glandless  or  with  incon- 
spicuous glands;  fruit  ripens  in  August  or  September,  usually  globose, 
about  2  cm.  in  diameter,  red;  stone  doubly  convex,  oval  to  nearly 
orbicular,  surface  usually  smooth. 


217 
PLATE  99. 


PRUNUS  AMERICANA  Marshall.  WILD  RED  PLUM,     (x 


218 

Distribution. — Massachusetts  to  Florida,  west  to  Manitoba  and 
south  to  New  Mexico.  Found  throughout  Indiana.  While  it  has  a 
general  distribution,  it  is  not  generally  distributed  through  the  forests, 
but  is  local  in  colonies  in  low  grounds  along  streams  or  in  low  places  in 
the  forest.  In  the  southern  counties  it  is  found  on  the  ridges  and  com- 
monly about  the  basins  of  sink-holes.  Large  single  trees  may  be  found 
but  they  are  usually  surrounded  by  many  smaller  ones  which  are  root 
shoots.  From  this  habit  of  the  tree  to  produce  root  shoots  large  colonies 
are  formed  which  has  given  rise  to  the  term  "plum  thickets." 

Remarks. — The  wood  of  this  tree  is  of  no  economic  importance,  but 
the  species  from  a  horticultural  standpoint  is  one  of  the  most  important 
of  all  of  the  plums.  Many  named  varieties  belong  to  this  species. 

It  should  be  noted  that  all  species  of  plums  are  quite  variable,  and 
one  must  not  be  surprised  to  find  specimens  that  will  not  come  entirely 
within  the  descriptions. 

2.  Prunus  americana  var.  lanataSudworth.  WOOLLY-LEAF  PLUM. 
Plate  100.     Small  trees  with  the  characteristic  wild  plum  tree  bark,  except 
on  age  it  becomes  more  furrowed ;  twigs  generally  puberulent  or  sometimes 
smooth;  leaves  obovate,  oblong-obovate,  or  sometimes  somewhat  ovate, 
generally  about  6-10  cm.  long,  and  4-6  cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  base, 
acute  or  short   acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  sharply   serrate,  or 
doubly  serrate,  upper  surface  covered  with  short  appressed  hairs,  lower 
surface  permanently  pubescent  with  longer  hairs;  petioles  more  or  less 
pubescent  and  often  bearing  one  or  more  glands;  flowers  appear  in 
April  or  May  in  umbels  of  2-4,  upper  part  of  calyx,  and  its  lobes  pube- 
scent both  inside  and  out,  the  lobes  more  or  less  cut-toothed  and 
bearing  inconspicuous  glands;  fruit  ripening  in    September,   globose, 
reddish  with  a  bluish  bloom;  stone  nearly  orbicular  and  turgid. 

Distribution. — Indiana  west  to  Indian  Territory  and  south  to  the 
Gulf.  The  range  of  this  variety  has  not  been  well  understood,  and  it  is 
believed  that  forms  of  this  variety  in  the  northern  part  of  its  range 
have  been  included  in  the  preceding  species.  It  is  certain  that  in  our 
area  the  two  forms  are  separated  with  difficulty;  especially  is  this 
true  of  certain  individuals.  Specimens  at  hand  show  it  to  occui  in 
Floyd,  Clark,  Bartholomew,  Martin,  Warren,  Vermillion,  Gibson, 
Warrick,  and  Perry  Counties. 

Remarks. — This  form  intergrades  with  the  preceding  to  such  an  extent 
that  there  is  little  difference  between  the  extremes  of  the  two  forms. 

3.  Prunus  nigra  Aiton.        CANADA  PLUM.      Plate   101.       Small 
trees  with  the  characteristic  bark  of  the  genus;  twigs  smooth;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  5-11  cm.  long  and  3-6  cm.  wide,  rounded  or  somewhat 


219 

,'     PLA3TE    100. 


PRUNUS  AMERICANA  variety  LA  NAT  A  Sudworth.     WOOLLY-LEAF  PLUM.     ( 


220 
PLATK  101. 


PRUNUS  NIGRA  Alton.     CANADA  PLUM,     (x  Y2.) 


221 

narrowed  at  the  base,  abruptly  short  acuminate  toward  the  apex,  smooth 
or  sparsely  covered  above  with  a  short  appressed  pubescence,  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath  especially  along  the  veins,  usually  pubescent 
on  the  veins  at  maturity,  margins  crenate-serrate,  the  teeth  ending  in 
persistent  glands,  petioles  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface, 
and  generally  bearing  a  pair  of  glands,  which  number  varies  from  1  to  3, 
or  sometimes  absent;  flowers  appear  in  April  or  May  in  umbels  of  2-3, 
about  2  cm.  in  diameter — the  largest  of  the  genus  in  Indiana,  calyx 
smooth,  the  lobes  smooth  without  and  within,  except  toward  the  base 
which  is  pubescent,  the  lobes  reddish  and  the  margins  studded  with 
numerous  red  glands;  fruit  ripens  in  July,  globose,  red;  stone  short 
oval  and  very  flat. 

Distribution. — New  Brunswick  to  Massachusetts  and  west  to 
Minnesota  and  south  to  central  Indiana.  In  Indiana  it  is  definitely 
known  only  from  Wells,  Blackford  and  Marion  Counties.  No  doubt  it 
ranges  throughout  the  northern  part  of  Indiana,  but  it  has  not  been 
separated  from  Prunus  americana.  Higley  and  Raddin1  in  1891,  when 
our  text  books  did  not  separate  this  species,  in  a  flora  which  included  a 
part  of  Lake  County  Indiana,  remark:  "There  are  two  distinct  forms  of 
Prunus  americana;  one  with  slender  branches  and  large  flowers  with 
glandular  calyx,  found  in  swamps  and  another  found  with  stout 
branches  and  much  smaller  flowers  with  the  calyx  less  glandular,  grows 
in  dry  soil."  This  no  doubt  refers  to  the  species  under  discussion. 

In  1898  the  author  found  this  species  growing  in  a  swamp  in  Wells 
County,  and  transplanted  a  specimen  to  high  ground  in  his  orchard.  It 
has  persisted  ever  since,  growing  vigorously  and  freely  suckering  from 
the  roots,  but  it  has  been  quite  susceptible  To  the  San  Jose  scale. 

4.  Prunus  hortulana  Bailey.  WILD  GOOSE  PLUM.  Plate  102. 
Small  trees  with  bark  exfoliating  in  plates  or  rolls  on  old  trees;  twigs 
smooth;  leaves  oblong-oval,  oval,  slightly  ovate  or  obovate,  generally 
6-11  cm.  long  and  2.5-5.5  cm.  wide,  rounded  and  often  slightly  oblique 
at  the  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  finely  serrated  with  short 
rounded  and  glandular  teeth,  generally  glossy  and  smooth  above, 
more  or  less  pubescent  all  over  beneath  with  long  hairs,  the  midrib 
and  lateral  veins  usually  prominent  below,  petioles  pubescent  on  the 
inner  face  and  usually  bearing  one  or  more  glands;  flowers  appear  with 
the  leaves  in  April  or  May  in  umbels  of  2-4;  calyx  glabrous,  the  lobes 
glabrous  on  the  outer  face,  and  more  or  less  pubescent  within,  margins 
glandular;  fruit  ripens  in  August,  generally  globose,  red;  stone  generally 
short  oval,  very  turgid,  face  reticulated. 


iHigley  and  Raddin:  Flora  of  Cook  County    Illinois  and  a  part  of  Lake  County 
Indiana.  Bui.  Chic.  Acad.  Sci.  Vol.  2:33:1891. 


222 

PLATE    102. 


PRUNUS  HORTULANA  Bailey.     WILD  GOOSE  PLTJM.     (x 


223 

Distribution. — Central  Kentucky  northwestward  to  central  Iowa 
and  southwestward  to  Kansas  and  east  to  northwest  Tennessee.  In 
Indiana  the  specimens  at  hand  show  it  to  be  confined  to  the  south- 
western part  of  the  State,  although  Pepoon1  reports  a  single  tree  found 
near  Dune  Park  in  Porter  County.  It  is  found  on  sandy  roadside  cuts, 
base  of  sandy  wooded  slopes,  etc.,  and  is  a  common  tree  in  Sullivan 
County  for  miles  on  the  wooded  bank  of  the  terrace  of  the  Wabash 
River. 

5.  Prunus  pennsylvanica   Linnaeus   films.     WILD  RED  CHERRY. 
Plate  103.     Small    trees    with    smooth    cherry-like    bark,    somewhat 
roughened  near  the  base  on  old  trees;  twigs  smooth,  at  least  at  maturity; 
leaves  oval,  oval-lanceolate,  or  ovate,  sometimes  slightly  falcate,  4-10 
cm.  long,  and  1.5-4  cm.  wide,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  long 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  finely  serrate  with  glandular  incurved 
teeth,  glossy  and  smooth  above,  generally  smooth  beneath,  sometimes 
pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  veins,  petioles  generally  smooth,  rarely 
pubescent;  flowers  appear  with  the  leaves  in  May  in  umbels  of  3-7,  or 
sometimes  raceme-like  but  the  rachis  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  calyx 
glabrous,  the  lobes  glabrous  within  and  without,  entire  and  glandless; 
fruit  ripens  in  August,  globose,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  red; stone  roundish- 
oval,  surface  granular. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland  and  New  England  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  south  to  Colorado  and  eastward  through  northern  Indiana 
to  Pennsylvania  and  thence  in  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina.  In 
Indiana  it  is  definitely  known  to  occur  only  in  Lake,  Porter,  Laporte, 
St.  Joseph  and  Lagrange  Counties.  It  is  frequently  found  on  the  black 
oak  ridges  about  Lake  Michigan.  All  other^reports  of  this  species  for 
Indiana  should  be  looked  upon  with  suspicion.  The  one  by  Chipman 
from  Kosciusko  County  may  be  correct.  The  one  by  Ridgeway2 
for  Posey  County  is  undoubtedly  an  error.  No  doubt  Phinney's3 
record  for  Central  Eastern  Indiana  (Jay,  Delaware,  Randolph  and 
Wayne  Counties)  is  an  error. 

The  range  of  the  species  is  to  the  north  of  our  area,  and  like  a  few 
others  it  is  found  about  the  Great  Lakes  south  of  its  general  range.  In 
Ohio  it  is  reported  only  from  Cuyahoga  County  which  borders  Lake 
Erie. 

6.  Prunus  serotina   Ehrhart.     WILD    CHERRY.      CHERRY.  WILD 
BLACK  CHERRY.     Plate  104.     Medium  to  large  sized  trees;  bark  of 
young  trees  smooth,  becoming  on  old  trees  irregularly  fissured  and 


i  Trans.  111.  Acad.   Science,   1916:132. 

2Amer.  Nat.  6:660:1872. 

sRept.  Ind.  Geol.   Surv.   12:208:1883. 


224 

PLATE  103. 


PRUNUS  PENNSYLVANIA  Linnaeus  flls.    WILD  RED  CHEEKY,     (x  y2.) 


225 

PLATE  104. 


PRUNUS  SEROTINA  Ehrhart.     WILD  BLACK  CHERRY,     (x  J£) 


226 

separating  in  small  scaly  plates;  twigs  slender  and  smooth,  sometimes 
pubescent  while  young;  leaves  oval,  oblong-oval,  ovate  or  narrowly 
ovate,  generally  5-12  cm.  long  and  2-4  cm.  wide,  generally  narrowed  at 
the  base,  sometimes  rounded,  short  or  long  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
margin  finely  serrate  with  incurved  sharp  callous  teeth,  smooth  above 
and  below,  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  beneath  while  young;  flowers 
appear  in  May  when  the  leaves  are  almost  grown,  on  the  ends  of 
the  year's  growth,  in  racemes  generally  5-10  cm.  long;  fruit  ripens  in 
July  and  August,  globose,  about  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  dark  red  to 
almost  black. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  South  Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Texas.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  prefers  a  moist  loose 
soil  and  is  usually  found  with  beech,  sugar  maple,  tulip,  white  ash  and 
white  oak.  In  the  original  forest  it  was  a  rare  to  a  frequent  tree,  and 
only  rarely  and  locally  did  it  ever  become  common.  It  grew  to  be  several 
feet  in  diameter  and  was  as  tall  as  the  highest  trees  of  the  forest.  The 
trunk  of  the  tree,  however,  was  inclined  to  be  crooked.  It  has  now 
become  a  frequent  tree  along  fences. 

Remarks. — The  wood  of  wild  cherry  from  pioneer  times  has  been  a 
favorite  wood,  and  for  this  reason  the  tree  soon  disappeared  and  today 
large  trees  are  very  rare.  The  wood  is  strong,  close-grained,  reddish- 
brown,  and  very  much  resembles  mahogany.  In  value  it  stands  second 
in  Indiana  woods.  It  is  used  principally  for  furniture,  office  and  store 
fixtures. 

The  wild  cherry  grows  readily  from  seed;  is  not  difficult  to  transplant ; 
adapts  itself  to  almost  all  kinds  of  soils  and  grows  rapidly.  In  Spring 
it  is  one  of  the  very  first  trees  to  put  out  its  leaves.  It  is  not  shade 
enduring,  which  no  doubt,  in  a  great  measure,  accounts  for  its  rarity 
in  the  primeval  forests.  When  grown  in  the  open  the  tree  usually 
produces  an  abundance  of  fruit  which  is  much  relished  by  birds.  This 
species  has  many  good  features,  and  might  be  used  to  advantage  in 
forest  planting. 

CAESALPINACEAE.     THE   SENNA  FAMILY. 

Leaves  simple;  flowers  pink;  seed  pod  papery 1  Cercis. 

Leaves   compound;    flowers   not   pink;    seed   pod   woody   or 

leathery. 
Trees  with  thorns;  stamens  3-5,  longer  than  the  corolla;  pods 

flat  and  leathery;  seeds  about  1  cm.  (^  inch)  long.  ...   2  Gleditsia. 
Trees  without  thorns;  stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla; 

pods  swollen,  woody;  seeds  about  2  cm.  (1  inch)  long  ...   3  Gymnocladus. 


227 

1.     CERCIS.     THE  REDBUD. 

Cercis  canadensis  Linnaeus.  REDBUD.  Plate  105.  Small 
trees;  bark  of  trunk  of  old  trees  fissured,  reddish-brown;  twigs  glabrous, 
light  brown,  becoming  a  dark  brown;  leaves  alternate,  broadly  ovate, 
average  blades  6-14  cm.  long,  cordate  at  base,  short-pointed,  some- 
times short-acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  margins  entire, 
glabrous  or  pubescent  on  unfolding,  at  maturity  usually  glabrous  on 
both  sides,  or  with  a  few  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  or  along  the  veins, 
sometimes  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  and  with  hairs  on  the  veins 
above;  petioles  generally  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  appear  in  April  or 
May  before  the  leaves,  in  clusters  of  4-8  on  the  branches  of  the  preceding 
season,  pink  or  rose  color;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  thin,  flat  and  glabrous; 
wood  heavy,  hard  and  weak. 

Distribution. — In  Canada  along  the  shoresof  Lake  Erieand  Ontario, 
New  York  west  through  Michigan  to  Iowa,  south  to  the  Gulf  States 
and  west  to  Texas.  Found  throughout  Indiana  except  there  are  no 
records  from  the  counties  bordering  Lake  Michigan.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  it  is  rare  or  frequent  in  alluvial  soil  along  streams  or  in 
rich  woods.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  it  is  a  frequent  to  a 
common  tree  in  ravines  and  on  slopes.  It  is  never  found  in  wet  situa- 
tions, and  consequently  is  absent  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southern  counties. 

Remarks. — The  redbud  is  the  common  name  for  this  tree  through- 
out the  State.  In  one  locality  it  was  known  as  the  fish  blossom  because 
the  larger  fish  spawn  when  this  tree  is  in  flower.  In  text  books  it  is 
also  called  Judas  tree.  It  is  usually  a  tree  1-1.5  dm.  in  diameter  and 
5-10  m.  high.  It  is  of  no  economic  importance  and  is  classed  as  a  weed 
tree  in  the  woodlot  and  should  be  removed. 

It  is  frequently  recommended  for  ornamental  planting.  It  prefers 
a  rich  moist  soil,  and  is  shade  enduring,  although  it  succeeds  best  in  the 
open  or  in  a  light  shade. 

2.     GLEDITSIA.     THE  HONEY  LOCUST. 

Pods  more  than  8  cm.  long;  seeds  oval 1  G.  triacanthos. 

Pods  less  than  8  cm.  long;  seeds  orbicular 2  G.  aquatica. 

1.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  Linnaeus.  HONEY  LOCUST.  Plate  106. 
Medium  to  large  sized  trees;  bark  of  old  trunks  fissured  and  peeling 
off  in  strips;  spines  on  trunk  large  and  often  much  branched,  sometimes 
4  dm.  long;  spines  on  branches  not  so  large,  generally  more  or  less 
forked;  twigs  at  first  green,  turning  a  light  brown;  leaves  pinnate  or 
bipinnate,  1-2  dm.  long,  rachis  permanently  pubescent;  leaflets  9-14 
pairs,  fewer  on  the  bipinnate  forms,  petiolules  about  1  mm.  long,  form 


228 
PLATE  105. 


CERCIS  CANADENSIS  Linnaeus.     REDBUD.     (x 


229 
PLATE    106. 


GLEDITSIA  TRIACANTHOS  Linnaeus.    HONEY  LOCUST,     (x  Y2.) 


230 

variable  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sometimes  somewhat  falcate,  generally 
2-3  cm.  long,  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  appear  in 
May  or  June,  inconspicuous,  greenish-yellow,  rich  in  honey,  their  ap- 
pearance being  announced  by  the  hum  of  the  swarm  of  insects  visit  ing 
them;  fruit  a  flat,  linear  twisted  pod,  2-4  dm.  long,  glabrous  and  lus- 
trous or  pubescent  on  the  sides;  seeds  several,  oval,  about  6  mm.  wide, 
and  10  mm.  long,  glabrous  and  chestnut  brown;  wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  coarse-grained  and  takes  a  good  polish. 

Distribution. — Pennsylvania,  southern  Michigan  to  Iowa,  and 
south  to  the  Gulf  States  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  infrequently 
throughout  Indiana  along  streams,  except  that  it  is  absent  about  Lake 
Michigan  and  that  in  the  southwestern  counties  it  becomes  a  frequent 
tree  in  the  Wabash  bottoms.  In  its  native  habitat  it  is  rarely  found 
except  near  a  stream,  pond,  lake,  etc.  However,  in  the  southeastern 
counties  it  has  spread  all  over  many  of  the  hillsides  which  were  once 
cleared  and  have  been  abandoned  for  agricultural  purposes  and  left 
to  natural  forest  regeneration.  It  was  interesting  to  learn  how  this  tree 
was  able  to  propagate  itself  on  the  steep  bare  slopes.  It  was  found  that 
the  seeds  were  scattered  by  cattle  that  greedily  eat  the  fruit.  It  is  a 
medium  sized  tree,  except  in  the  Wabash  bottoms  of  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  State  where  it  grows  to  be  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
forest,  and  is  more  luxuriant  than  in  any  other  part  of  its  range. 

Remarks. — In  making  a  study  of  the  fruit  of  this  species,  it  was 
found  that  the  sides  of  all  the  pods  of  all  the  specimens  at  hand 
except  one  are  glabrous,  even  those  of  young  fruit.  The  margins  of  the 
pods  are  pubescent.  However,  a  specimen  collected  on  August  27th  in 
Vermillion  County  has  the  entire  pod  covered  with  long  hairs.  In 
consulting  the  literature  on  the  subject  it  is  found  that  some  authors 
describe  the  fruit  as  glabrous  while  others  describe  it  as  hairy.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  study  the  significance  of  this  character  to  learn  if  each 
form  has  a  geographic  range. 

The  wood  is  used  principally  for  interior  finish,  furniture,  posts 
and  crossties.  The  tree  has  a  grace  that  recommends  it  for  ornmental 
planting  despite  its  thorns.  However,  a  thornless  variety  is  now  of- 
fered by  nurserymen.  It  adapts  itself  to  all  kinds  of  soils,  although  it 
prefers  a  moist  rich  soil;  grows  rapidly  and  is  comparatively  free  from 
insect  damage. 

2.  Gleditsia  aquatica  Marshall.  WATER  HONEY  LOCUST.  Plate 
107.  A  medium  sized  tree  with  rather  smooth  bark,  which  becomes 
rough  and  flaky  on  large  trees;  twigs  greenish,  turning  to  a  light  brown 
by  the  end  of  the  year;  branchlets  a  greenish-gray  brown;  spines  all 
usually  more  or  less  flattened,  those  of  the  branchlets  and  branches, 


231 
PLATE  107. 


GLEDITSIA  AQUATICA  Marshall.     WATER  HONEY  LOCUST,     (x 


232 

rather  few  and  usually  simple,  4-10  cm.  long,  those  of  the  trunk  branched, 
spines  do  not  develop  on  the  year's  growth;  leaves  from  old  wood  pin- 
nate, from  the  year's  growth  bipinnate;  rachis  grooved  and  pubescent 
or  puberulent  above  and  smooth  below;  leaflets  generally  7-11  pairs, 
variable  in  shape  and  size,  generally  lanceolate  and  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  on 
petiolules  about  1  mm.  long,  glabrous;  flowers  similar  to  the  preceding 
species;  fruit  a  glabrous,  shining,  oblique  pod  about  4-5  cm.  long,  con- 
taining 1  seed;  seeds  orbicular,  flat,  chestnut  brown,  about  1  cm.  in 
diameter. 

Distribution. — Atlantic  Coast  from  North  Carolina  south  to 
Florida,  and  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  southwestern  Indiana  south- 
ward to  Texas.  In  Indiana  this  species  is  rare  and  limited  to  the  banks 
of  river  sloughs,  locally  called  ponds  and  to  one  cypress  swamp.  It  is 
known  to  have  occurred  on  the  banks  of  Wabash  and  Dan's  ponds  and 
Little  Cypress  swamp  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Knox  County,  and  in 
Gibson  County  on  the  bank  of  a  slough  near  Skelton  and  about  Bur- 
nett's pond.  The  reference  to  Posey  County  is  without  a  verifying 
specimen,  although  it  may  be  found  in  the  county.  The  writer  has 
visited  about  every  place  in  the  county  where  the  species  might  occur, 
and  has  never  found  it.  Gorby's1  reference  for  Miami  County  is  with- 
out doubt  an  error.  In  our  area  it  is  a  low  crooked  tree  and  grows  with 
its  base  submerged  more  or  less  during  the  year.  The  idea  of  the  pro- 
portions of  this  tree  can  be  obtained  from  the  measurements  taken  from 
the  largest  tree  now  known  in  Indiana,  which  is  located  on  the  shore  of 
Dan's  pond  in  Knox  County.  It  measures  158  cm.  (66  inches)  in  cir- 
cumference at  1  m.  above  the  ground,  and  is  estimated  to  be  10  m.  (30 
feet)  high.  This  species  is  too  rare  to  be  of  economic  importance. 

Gleditsia  aquatica  x  triacanthos.  Dr.  Schneck2  found  two  honey 
locust  trees  which  he  described  as  hybrids  of  the  two  species.  The  one 
was  located  on  the  bank  of  Dan's  pond  in  Knox  County,  and  the  other 
in  Gibson  County.  The  original  description  is  as  follows:  "In  both 
instances  the  pods  are  the  distinguishing  feature.  These  are  very 
much  alike  in  both  trees,  being  about  5  inches  long,  1^  inches  wide, 
smooth,  shining,  of  a  light  brown  color  and  entirely  destitute  of  pulp. 
Otherwise  the  tree  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  trees  among 
which  they  stand.  They  are  both  about  50  feet  high,  with  short 
stems  and  spreading  branches,  and  stand  about  5  miles  apart."  The 
writer  has  five  fruiting  specimens  from  these  two  trees,  taken  by  Dr. 
Schneck.  Two  of  the  sheets  have  the  round  and  branched  spine^  of 
G.  triacanthos. 


ilnd.   Geol.  Kept.   16:169:1889. 
2Plant  World  7:252:1904. 


233 

3.     GYMNOCLADUS.     THE  COFFEE  TREE. 

Gymnocladus  dioica  (Linnaeus)  Koch.  COFFEENUT  TREE.  Plate 
108.  Medium  sized  trees;  bark  of  trunks  fissured,  the  ridges  often  curl- 
ing up  along  the  sides,  very  hard;  twigs  at  first  hairy,  becoming  glabrous 
and  mottled  gray-brown  by  the  end  of  the  season,  robust,  usually  about 
1  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  alternate,  twice  pinnate,  3-9  dm.  long, 
leaflets  usually  6-10  pairs,  ovate,  generally  from  3-4  cm.  long, 
generally  oblique  and  rounded,  wedge-shape  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
acute  or  very  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex,  petiolules  about  1  mm.  long, 
pubescent  on  both  sides  at  first,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at 
maturity;  flowers  of  two  kinds,  the  male  and  female  on  separate  trees, 
appearing  in  May  or  June;  fruit  a  pod  generally  about  1-2  dm.  long, 
thick,  curved;  seeds  generally  4-7,  large,  flattened  about  2  cm.  in 
diameter;  wood  heavy,  not  hard,  coarse-grained  and  takes  a  high  polish. 

Distribution. — New  York,  southwestern  Ontario  to  southern 
Minnesota  south  to  Tennessee  and  Arkansas.  This  species  has  been 
reported  or  is  known  to  exist  in  33  counties  in  various  parts  of  the  State. 
It  no  doubt  was  native  to  every  county  of  the  State,  except  it  be  those 
bordering  Lake  Michigan  from  which  we  have  no  reports.  It  is  a  rare 
tree  in  all  parts.  Only  exceptionally  is  it  found  even  frequently.  A 
few  trees  may  be  found  in  one  place,  and  it  will  not  be  found  again  for 
many  miles.  No  doubt  there  are  many  areas  with  a  radius  of  5  to  10 
miles  where  this  tree  never  occurred.  It  is  usually  found  in  alluvial 
soil  along  streams,  or  nearby  terraces. 

Remarks. — This  species  generally  is  not  very  tall,  and  is  usually 
found  in  open  places  in  the  forest  or  cut-over  lands.  However,  one 
specimen  was  seen  in  Posey  County  that  was  as  tall  as  a  specimen  of 
pecan  of  equal  size  that  grew  nearby.  This  species  was  so  rare  in  this 
vicinity  that  I  was  asked  to  drive  three  miles  to  identify  this  tree  which 
no  one  could  name. 

Coffeenut,  which  is  sometimes  called  Kentucky  coffeenut,  has  always 
been  so  rare  as  to  be  of  little  economic  importance.  It  has  no  qualities 
to  recommend  it  for  ornamental  planting. 


FABACEAE.     THE  PEA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  vines  or  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  mostly  compound; 
flowers  with  five  petals  which  are  pea-like  (papilionaceous);  stamens 
generally  10;  fruit  a  legume. 


234 

PLATE    108. 


GYMNOCLADUS  DIOICA    (Linnaeus)   Koch.  COFFEENUT  TREE,     (x  9/20). 


235 

ROBINIA.     THE  LOCUSTS. 

Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia  Linnaeus.  LOCUST.  BLACK  LOCUST.  Plate 
109.  Medium  sized  trees  with  deeply  furrowed  bark;  twigs  at  first 
green  and  hairy,  becoming  at  the  end  of  the  season  glabrous  and  a  light 
brown,  the  stipules  developing  in  about  a  year  into  a  pair  of  woody 
spines  about  2  cm.  long;  leaves  pinnate,  1.5-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  7-17 
on  short  stalks,  ovate  to  oblong,  2-6  cm.  long,  rounded  at  base,  rounded 
or  pointed  and  with  a  small  indenture  at  apex,  margin  entire,  pubescent 
on  both  sides  at  first,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  above  and  re- 
maining more  or  less  pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  midrib;  flowers 
in  loose  racemes,  white,  expanding  in  May  or  June ;  fruit  a  flat  and  slight- 
ly curved  pod  about  5-10  cm.  long,  glabrous;  seeds  usually  4-8  in  each 
pod,  about  4  mm.  long  and  2.5  mm.  wide;  wood  heavy,  very  hard,  close- 
grained,  takes  a  good  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil. 

Distribution. — Appalachian  Mountains  from  Pennsylvania  south 
to  northern  Georgia,  and  in  Arkansas.  In  Indiana  it  is  found  as  an 
escape  in  all  parts  and  was  doubtless  native  along  the  Ohio  River,  at 
least  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State.  Thomas1  says:  "We  had 
gazed  at  the  majestic  beech  of  this  country  (near  Rising  Sun)  three  feet 
in  diameter;  we  had  seen  the  honey  locust,  the  black  walnut,  a  buckeye 
of  equal  magnitude;  and  then  we  saw  with  surprise,  the  black  locust 
almost  a  rival  in  stature."  Drake2  says:  "The  flowering  locust  is 
abundant  in  Kentucky.  Along  the  Ohio  River  it  is  rarely  found  more 
than  30  miles  north  of  the  river." 

Remarks.— This  tree  is  generally  known  as  the  locust  tree,  but  is 
sometimes  called  the  yellow  locust. 

Locust  wood  is  somewhat  lighter  than  white  oak,  but  it  is  34  percent 
stiff  er  and  45  per  cent  stronger.  These  remarkable  qualities  added  to  its 
durability  in  contact  with  the  ground  make  it  one  of  the  most  desirable 
trees  for  forest  planting.  The  wood  has  been  used  principally  for 
posts,  ties,  tree  nails,  etc.  The  locust  when  grown  close  together 
usually  grows  to  8-12  inches  in  diameter.  There  are,  however,  specimens 
that  have  grown  in  the  open  that  are  almost  three  feet  in  diameter.  The 
pioneers  used  it  extensively  for  ornamental  planting,  and  it  has  escaped 
from  such  planting  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  It  propagates  easily  by 
root  shoots  which  is  the  principal  mode  of  spreading,  except  where  the 
peed  fall  on  exposed  soil. 

The  locust  has  of  recent  years  been  extensively  planted  for  post 
timber.  It  is  very  easily  propagated  from  seedlings  and  grows  rapidly. 
It  is  adapted  to  all  kinds  of  soil,  except  a  wet  one.  It  prefers  a  well 

iThomas'  Western  Travels,  page  111:1819. 
2Drake  in  Picture  of  Cincinnati,  page  83,  1815. 


236 
PLATE   109. 


ROBINIA     PSEUDO-ACACIA     Linnaeus.     BLACK     LOCUST,     (x 


237 

drained  soil  and  seems  to  grow  as  fast  in  a  loose  clay  soil  as  in  a 
black  loam.  When  used  for  forest  planting  the  spacing  should  be  from 
5x5  feet  to  8x8  feet.  The  spacing  should  be  governed  by  the  quality 
of  the  soil,  and  the  amount  of  pruning  that  can  be  done.  The  locust 
has  the  habit  of  having  the  terminal  to  end  in  a  fork  and  having  one 
or  more  very  large  side  branches.  The  best  management  requires 
that  the  very  large  side  branches  be  removed  as  soon  as  they  are  noted, 
and  one  part  of  the  terminal  forks  be  cut  off. 

The  locust  until  recently  gave  great  promise  of  being  an  important 
tree  for  planting  sterile,  washed  and  eroded  slopes,  on  which  it  usually 
thrives  and  in  many  cases  grows  thriftily.  However,  reports  from  all 
parts  of  the  State  show  that  locust  groves  wherever  planted  are  being 
killed  by  the  locust  body  borer.  The  locust  has  also  been  attacked  by 
the  twig  borer,  bag  worm  and  the  leaf  miner.  At  present  there  are  no 
known  economic  means  of  controlling  these  destructive  pests,  and  until 
they  can  be  controlled,  the  planting  of  locust  for  commercial  purposes 
will  not  prove  profitable. 

SIMARUBACEAE     THE  QUASSIA  FAMILY. 
AILANTHUS.     TREE  OF  HEAVEN. 

Ailanthus  altissima  (Miller)  Swingle.  TREE  OF  HEAVEN.  STINK 
TREE.  (Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desfontaines).  Plate  110.  Medium 
sized  trees  with  dark  gray  bark,  thin,  rough  or  fissured  on  old  trees; 
branchlets  very  robust;  twigs  smooth;  leaves  compound  and  very  large, 
especially  on  coppice  shoots,  usually  about  4-6  dm.  long,  odd-pinnate, 
arranged  spirally  on  the  branchlets;  leaflets  13-41,  ovate-oblong,  acu- 
minate, oblique  at  base,  entire  or  with  a  few  blunt  teeth  toward  the  base, 
smooth  or  hairy  when  they  unfold,  becoming  smooth  at  maturity,  dark 
green  above,  lighter  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  June  in  large  terminal 
panicles,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  trees;  fruit  maturing 
in  autumn,  consists  of  many  light  brown,  twisted  and  broadly-winged 
samaras  which  are  about  1  cm.  wide  and  4-5  cm.  long. 

Distribution. — A  native  of  China.  Introduced  and  spreading  in 
cities,  and  into  fields  and  woods  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 
The  most  notable  occurrence  is  in  Jefferson  County  on  the  wooded 
bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River  between  Madison  and  Hanover. 

Remarks. — Where  the  sugar  and  black  maple  can  not  be  used  for 
shade  tree  planting  this  tree  should  receive  attention.  It  adapts  itself  to 
all  kinds  of  soils,  and  to  all  kinds  of  growing  conditions  such  as  smoke, 
etc.  The  crown  is  of  an  oval  or  rounded  type.  It  stands  pruning  and 
injury  to  trunk  or  branches  quite  well.  It  is  practically  free  from 


238 
PLATE  110. 


AILANTHUS  ALTISSIMA  (Miller)  Swingle.     AILAXTHUS  or  TREE  OF  HEAVEN. 


239 

all  diseases  and  insect  injury.  The  leaves  appear  late  but  they  do  not 
fall  until  the  first  killing  frost  when  they  are  killed,  and  frequently 
practically  all  of  "the  leaves  will  fall  in  one  day.  The  staminate  flowers 
exhale  a  fetid  odor  for  a  few  days  which  is  about  the  only  objectionable 
feature  in  this  tree.  In  order  to  obviate  this  objection,  nurserymen  are 
now  offering  for  sale  pistillate  trees  which  have  been  grafted  on  com- 
mon stock. 

ACERACEAE.     THE  MAPLE  FAMILY. 
ACER.     THE  MAPLES. 

Trees  with  terete  branches;  scaly  buds;  long  petioled,  opposite 
leaves;  fruit  consists  of  two  long-winged  samaras  which  are  joined  at 
their  base,  separating  at  maturity.  The  sap  of  some  of  the  species, 
when  concentrated,  yields  the  maple  sugar  and  sirup  of  commerce. 

Leaves  trifoliate  or  pinnate 1  A.  Negundo. 

Leaves  simple. 

Winter  buds  blunt;  flowers  appear  from  lateral  buds  before 

the  leaves;  fruit  maturing  in  the  spring  or  early  summer. 

Leaves  entirely  glabrous  beneath  at  maturity,  5-lobed;  the 

two  sinuses  between  the  three  largest  lobes  generally 

somewhat  closed,  formed  as  it  were  by  the  arcs  of  two 

circles  which  meet  to  form  the  sinus,  and  which  if 

they  were  extended  outward  would  cross  each  other 

within  a  few  dm.  of  the    sinus;  fruit  more  or  less 

pubescent  at  maturity 2  A.  saccharinum . 

Leaves  are  never  all  entirely  glabrous  at  maturity,  3-5 

lobed;  the  two  largest  sinuses  are  generally  angular 

with  straight  sides  which  if  extended  outward  would 

never  cross;  fruit  smooth  at  maturity. 

Twigs  smooth  at  maturity;  leaves  at  maturity  smooth 

beneath  except  a  few  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins, 

or  more  rarely  the  entire  lower  surface  covered 

more  or  less  with  a  short  pubescence;  mature  fruit 

generally  2-3.5  cm.  long 3  A.  rubrum. 

Twigs  more  or  less  pubescent  at  maturity;  leaves 
beneath  covered  with  a  dense  tomentum  which 
remains  until  maturity  or  sometimes  becoming 

scanty;  fruit  about  4-5  cm.  long var.  Drummondii. 

Winter  buds  acute,  sometimes  somewhat  blunt;  flowers 
appear  from  terminal  buds  after  the  leaves ;  fruit  matur- 
ing in  the  autumn. 

Leaves  yellow  green  beneath;  base  of  the  petiole  of  the 
terminal  leaves  enlarged  at  the  base,  smooth  or 
somewhat  pubescent  about  the  enlarged  base 4  A.  nigrum. 


240 

Leaves  not  yellow  green  beneath;  base  of  the  petiole  of  the 

terminal  leaves  not  enlarged,  petioles  smooth,  or  if 

pubescent  at  the  base  the  pubescence  will  be  more  or 

less  evident  the  entire  length  of  the  petiole. 

Petioles  smooth;  leaves  3-5  lobed,  blade  as  long  or 

longer  than  wide,  not  densely  pubescent  beneath 

at  maturity ;   5  A.  saccharum. 

Petioles  smooth;  leaves  3-lobed,  blades  wider  than 

long A.  saccharum  var. 

Rugelii. 

Petioles    pubescent,    rarely    smooth;    leaves    5-lobed, 
rarely  3-lobed,  the  under  surface  densely  pubescent 

at  maturity A.  saccharum  var. 

Schneckii. 

1.  Acer  Negnndo  Linnseus.  Box  ELDER.  Plate  111.  A  medium- 
sized  tree  with  a  short  trunk  and  round  head;  bark  of  young  trees 
smooth  and  gray,  becoming  thick  on  old  trees,  light  to  dark  brown 
and  more  or  less  furrowed  or  rarely  somewhat  flaky;  twigs  smooth  and 
greenish;  leaves  of  average  size  are  1.5-3  dm.  long,  generally  with  3 
leaflets  on  the  flowering  branches,  sometimes  5  or  rarely  with  7,  on 
sterile  branches  or  on  growing  shoots  3-7,  the  petioles  generally  J^- 
%  the  length  of  the  leaf  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity;  leaf- 
lets all  on  stalks  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  lateral  stalks  short,  the 
terminal  ones  much  longer,  leaflets  of  varying  size  and  shape,  the  margins 
usually  varying  from  lobed  to  serrate  or  entire,  pinnately  veined, 
smooth  above  at  maturity  and  remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  be- 
neath, especially  along  the  veins;  flowers  appear  just  before  the  leaves 
the  last  of  April  or  the  first  of  May,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on 
separate  trees;  fruit  matures  late  in  summer,  the  body  of  the  samara 
green  and  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Distribution. — New  England  to  Florida,  west  to  Minnesota  and 
south  to  eastern  Texas.  In  Indiana,  it  is  found  throughout  the  State  in 
moist  or  wet  places  along  creeks  and  rivers,  and  infrequently  on  the 
highlands  along  roadsides  and  fences.  Its  original  distribution  in  the 
State  can  only  be  conjectured.  Judging  from  its  tolerance  to  shade  and 
its  habitat,  and  from  the  earliest  reports  of  its  occurrence  in  the  State, 
this  species  was  quite  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  becoming 
infrequent  to  frequent  in  its  habitat  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 
Even  today  it  is  rather  local  in  its  distribution.  I  have  never  seen  it  on 
the  low  mucky  border  of  a  lake. 

Remarks. — This  species  on  account  of  its  rapid  growth  was  formerly 
much  used  in  our  area  as  a  shade  tree.  It  is  believed  that  most  of  the 
trees  now  found  along  roadsides,  fences,  clearings  and  on  the  drier 
banks 'of  streams  are  from  seed  distributed  by  the  wind  from  planted 


241 

PLATE  111. 


ACER  NEGUNDO  Linnaeus.     Box  ELDER,     (x 


242 

trees.  This  species  is  now  little  used  as  a  shade  tree  and  is  never  recom- 
mended because  it  sheds  its  leaves  early,  and  is  subject  to  injury  from 
disease  and  insects. 

la.  Acer  Negundo  variety  violaceum  Kirchner.  (Rulac  Nuttallii 
Nieuwland).  This  variety  is  distinguished  by  its  glaucous  twigs  and 
by  the  body  of  the  fruit  being  glabrous  at  maturity.  In  most  instances 
when  the  bloom  is  rubbed  from  the  twigs  they  show  a  purple  tinge, 
hence  the  varietal  name. 

Distribution. — I  have  this  variety  in  Indiana  from  the  following 
counties:  Brown,  Cass,  Elkhart,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Hendricks,  Henry, 
Jennings,  Lagrange,  Martin,  Posey,  St.  Joseph,  Vermillion  and  Wayne. 

2.  Acer  saccharinum  Linnaeus.  SILVER  MAPLE.  SOFT  MAPLE. 
WHITE  MAPLE.  Plate  112.  Medium  sized  trees;  bark  of  small  trees 
smooth  and  gray,  becoming  on  old  trees  reddish-brown,  and  freely 
splitting  into  thin  scales ;  branchlets  light  to  reddish-brown  and  generally 
turning  upward  at  their  tips;  leaves  generally  about  1  dm.  long,  generally 
somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes  truncate,  deeply  3-lobed,  each 
of  the  lateral  lobes  with  an  additional  lobe  below,  margins  of  all  of  the 
lobes  more  or  less  irregular  or  even  lobed,  the  two  principal  sinuses 
generally  show  a  tendency  to  close,  leaves  hairy  beneath  when  young, 
glabrous  above  and  below  at  maturity  and  very  glaucous  beneath; 
flowers  appear  in  March  or  April  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous 
year,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters  on  the  same  or 
different  trees;  fruit  on  pedicels  1.5-6  cm.  long,  maturing  in  the  spring 
or  early  summer,  green,  densely  hairy  while  young  and  remaining  more 
or  less  hairy  at  maturity,  4-7  cm.  long,  wings  1-2  cm.  wide. 

Distribution. — New  Brunswick  to  Florida,  west  to  South  Dakota 
and  south  to  Texas.  Locally  frequent  to  very  common  in  all  parts  of 
Indiana.  This  species  is  always  found  in  wet  or  moist  places,  and  in  the 
lower  Wabash  bottoms  in  low  overflow  lands  or  in  or  about  old  sloughs 
it  often  forms  the  principal  stand.  It  is  more  frequently  associated  with 
black  willow,  white  elm,  red  birch,  sycamore,  etc. 

Remarks. — The  silver  maple  has  been  used  extensively  for  shade 
tree  planting.  The  branches  are  very  brittle,  and  ice  storms  sometimes 
break  off  so  many  branches  that  the  tree  may  be  badly  injured.  The 
shade  trees  of  this  species  are  in  many  parts  of  the  state  being  killed 
by  scale  insects,  and  for  this  reason  it  should  not  be  used.  On  account 
of  its  rapid  growth  it  has  also  been  much  used  for  windbreaks  but  this 
practice  should  be  discouraged  and  better  species  used. 


243 
PLATE  112. 


ACER  SACCHARINUM  Linnams.     SILVER  MAPLE,     (x  Y2.) 


244 

3.  Acer  rubrum  Linnseus.  RED  MAPLE.  SOFT  MAPLE.  SWAMP 
MAPLE.  Plate  113.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees;  bark  of  small 
trees  smooth  and  gray,  becoming  dark  brown  on  old  trees,  somewhat 
furrowed  and  scaly;  branchlets  smooth  and  reddish;  twigs  generally 
smooth  but  sometimes  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  by  autumn;  leaves 
5-12  cm.  long,  3-5  lobed,  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes 
truncate  or  rounded,  sinuses  acute,  those  of  3-lobed  leaves  generally 
wider  angled  than  those  of  5-lobed  ones,  the  lobes  more  or  less  irregu- 
larly serrate  or  dentate,  hairy  while  young,  glabrous  above  and  more 
or  less  hairy  beneath  at  maturity,  glaucous  beneath;  flowering  period 
March  or  April;  flowers  red  or  reddish,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
previous  year,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters  on  the 
same  or  different  trees;  fruit  maturing  late  in  spring,  on  pedicels  3-8  cm. 
long,  generally  red,  sometimes  green,  glabrous  at  maturity,  rarely  some- 
what pubescent,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland  to  Florida,  west  to  Minnesota  and 
south  to  Texas.  It  is  found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  Its  preferred 
habitat  is  that  of  low  ground  about  lakes,  swamps,  along  streams  and 
in  the  "flats"  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  State.  Throughout  its  range 
in  Indiana  where  it  is  found  in  low  ground,  it  is  in  places  rich  in  organic 
matter,  except  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  where  it 
grows  in  a  hard  clay  soil  with  sweet  gum,  red  birch,  etc.  In  contrast 
the  silver  maple  is  generally  found  growing  in  wet  places  with  little 
organic  matter;  especially  is  this  true  in  the  lower  Wabash  bottoms. 
The  red  maple  grows  also  on  high  ground.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  only  an  occasional  tree  of  gravelly  ridges  or  on  high  ground 
about  lakes  or  along  streams.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  it  is  a 
local  to  a  frequent  tree  in  most  parts  of  the  "knob"  area  where  it  is 
associated  with  white  oak,  black  oak,  black  gum,  etc.  It  is  also  an 
occasional  tree  on  the  top  of  bluffs  and  cliffs. 

Remarks. — The  red  maple  is  not  abundant  enough  in  Indiana  to  be 
of  any  economic  importance.  It  grows  rapidly  and  should  replace  the 
silver  maple  for  shade  tree  planting  since  its  branches  are  not  broken  off 
as  easily  by  ice  storms  and  it  is  more  resistant  to  insect  attack. 

3a.  Acer  rubrum  variety  Drummondii  (Hooker  and  Arnott) 
Torrey  and  Gray.  This  variety  of  the  red  maple  is  a  form  found  in  the 
dense  swamps  of  the  lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  is  distinguished  from  the 
type  by  its  twigs  which  generally  remain  more  or  less  hairy  until  matur- 
ity; by  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  remaining  more  or  less  tomentose 
during  the  summer,  and  by  its  larger  fruit.  This  variety  is  known  with 
certainty  only  from  Little  Cypress  Swamp  in  Knox  County  about  12 
miles  southwest  of  Decker.  Here  it  is  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree 


245 

PLATE  113. 


ACER  RUBRUM  Linnaeus.     RED  MAPLE,     (x  Y2.) 


246 

associated  with  cypress,  swell-butt   ash,  buttonbush,  sweet  gum,  etc. 
All  of  the  trees  of  this  locality  have  5-lobed  leaves. 

A  specimen  collected  in  the  "bottoms"  about  two  miles  east  of 
Huntingburg  in  Dubois  County  has  3  -lobed  leaves  which  are  tomentose 
beneath  at  fruiting  time  and  has  fruit  intermediate  in  size  between  the 
type  and  variety  Drummondii  which  I  doubtfully  refer  to  variety 
tridens  Wood. 

4.  Acer  nigrum  F.  A.  Michaux.  BLACK  MAPLE.  BLACK  SUGAR. 
Plate  114.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with  dark  furrowed  bark  on  old 
trees;  leaves  a  little  wider  than  long,  6-15  cm.  long,  on  petioles  usually 
3-15  cm.  long  which  are  more  or  less  swollen  at  the  base  and  by  maturity 
develop  a  scale  like  appendage  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  at  the  base- 
especially  on  each  of  the  terminal  pair  of  leaves,  sometimes  with  foliar 
stipules  which  are  2-3  cm.  long  on  stalks  of  equal  length,  leaves  with 
three  main  lobes,  the  two  lower  lobes  generally  have  a  small  lobe  at  their 
base,  margins  of  lobes  entire  and  undulating,  sinuses  between  main 
lobes  generally  rounded  at  the  base,  wide  and  shallow,  base  with  a 
narrow  sinus,  the  lower  lobes  often  overlapping,  rarely  somewhat  den- 
tate, dark  green  above  and  a  paler  yellow  green  below,  hairy  on  both 
surfaces  when  young,  becoming  at  maturity  glabrous  above  and  re- 
maining more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  May  when 
the  leaves  are  about  half  grown  on  long  hairy  pedicels,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters  on  the  same  or  different  trees;  fruit 
matures  in  autumn,  the  samaras  about  3  cm.  long. 

Distribution. — Quebec  to  Georgia,  west  to  South  Dakota  and  south 
to  Louisiana.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana  and  invariably  associated 
with  sugar  maple,  and  often  with  beech  in  addition.  Frequently  almost 
pure  stands  of  sugar  maple  may  be  found  with  the  black  maple  absent. 
Where  found  it  is  usually  a  frequent  to  common  tree,  and  when  it  occurs 
on  a  wooded  slope  it  is  more  frequent  near  the  base  and  appears  to  be 
able  to  advance  farther  into  moist  situations  than  its  congener. 

Remarks. — This  tree  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  sugar  maple 
by  its  form,  but  at  short  range  can  be  separated  from  it  by  its  richer 
green  foliage  and  by  the  drooping  habit  of  the  lower  lobes  of  the  leaves. 
It  is  commonly  separated  from  the  sugar  maple  by  the  darker  color  and 
by  the  narrower  and  shallower  furrows  of  the  bark,  but  these  characters 
will  not  always  separate  the  two  species.  Hence,  when  buying  black 
maple  trees  from  a  nurseryman  you  may  receive  the  sugar  maple. 
Those  who  distinguish  the  two  species  agree  that  the  black  maple  is  the 
more  desirable  tree  for  shade  tree  planting.  The  black  and  sugar 
maple  are  the  two  most  desirable  trees  for  shade  tree  planting  in 
Indiana.  They  are  long  lived,  have  a  very  desirable  form,  beautiful 


247 
PLATE  114. 


ACER  NIGRUM.  F.    A.    Miehaux.      BLACK  MAPLE,     (x 


248 

foliage,  a  long  leaf  period,  and  are  quite  free  from  disease  and  insect 
injury. 

5.  Acer  saccharum  Marshall.  SUGAR  MAPLE.  SUGAR  TREE.  HARD 
MAPLE.  ROCK  MAPLE.  Plate  115.  Usually  large,  tall  trees.  The 
bark  of  small  trees  is  smooth  or  rough,  becoming  fissured  on  old  trees, 
tight  or  on  very  old  trees  sometimes  the  ridges  loosen  on  one  edge  and 
turn  outward.  The  leaves  are  extremely  variable  on  different  trees, 
and  frequently  show  a  wide  variation  on  the  same  tree,  as  to  form  and 
in  the  presence  or  absence  of  hairs  on  the  petioles  and  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  leaves.  In  our  area  all  of  the  forms  which  have  the  ma- 
jority of  the  leaves  longer  than  wide  or  about  as  wide  as  long,  may  be 
considered  as  falling  within  the  type.  The  average  sized  leaves  are 
6-12  cm.  long,  3-5  lobed,  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  generally  with 
a  broad  sinus,  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly  wedge-shape,  sinuses 
generally  wide-angled  and  rounded  at  the  base,  sometimes  acute,  hairy 
beneath  when  young,  becoming  smooth  at  maturity  except  for  a  few 
hairs  along  the  veins  or  in  the  main  axils  of  the  veins,  or  sometimes 
remaining  more  or  less  pubescent  over  the  whole  under  surface,  more 
or  less  glaucous  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  April  or  May,  on  hairy 
pedicels  3-7  cm.  long,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  clusters  on  the 
same  or  different  trees;  fruit  ripening  in  autumn,  samaras  glabrous  and 
usually  2-4  cm.  long. 

Distribution. — Newfoundland  to  Georgia,  west  to  Manitoba  and 
south  to  Texas.  A  frequent  to  a  very  common  tree  in  all  parts  of  Indi- 
ana. It  is  confined  to  rich  uplands,  or  along  streams  in  well  drained 
alluvial  soil.  Throughout  our  area  it  is  constantly  associated  with 
the  beech.  It  is  absent  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
State,  and  on  the  crest  of  the  ridges  of  the  "knob"  area  of  Indiana,  but 
it  is  a  frequent  or  common  tree  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  spurs  of  the 
"knobs." 

Remarks. — The  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  the  sugar  maple  in 
the  northern  part  of  its  range  are  green,  while  those  of  the  southern 
part  of  its  range  are  quite  glaucous  beneath.  To  distinguish  these  two 
intergrading  forms  the  southern  form  has  been  called  Acer  saccharum 
var.  glaucum  Sargent1.  All  of  the  trees  seen  in  Indiana  have  leaves 
more  or  less  glaucous  beneath.  This  character,  however,  is  not 
always  evident  in  dried  specimens.  The  writer  prefers  not  to  apply 
the  varietal  name  to  the  forms  of  our  area.  The  sugar  maple  always 
has  been  and  will  continue  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  trees  of  the 
State.  In  its  mass  distribution  in  Indiana  it  ranks  not  less  than  third. 
In  the  quality  and  uses  of  its  wood  it  is  equalled  or  exceeded  only  by 

iBot.  Gaz.  Vol.  67:233:1919. 


249 

PLATE  115. 


ACER  SACCHARUM  Marshall.     SUGAR  MAPLE,     (x 


250 

the  oak,  ash  and  hickory.  When  compared  with  white  oak  it  is  a  little 
lighter  but  thirty  per  cent  stronger  and  fifty-three  per  cent  stiffer. 
The  greatest  amount  of  the  annual  cut  of  maple  is  worked  into  flooring 
which  is  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  ]s  much  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture  and  ranks  third  in  use  for  veneer  and  hard 
wood  distillation,  and  as  a  fuel  wood  is  excelled  only  by  hickory.  Since, 
pioneer  times  the  sap  of  this  tree  has  been  made  into  sirup  and  sugar 
and  their  manufacture  now  forms  a  valuable  industry.  On  an  average 
it  takes  3  to  4  gallons  of  sap  to  make  a  pound  of  sugar,  and  an  average 
sized  tree  will  annually  yield  about  3  to  4  pounds  of  sugar. 

The  sugar  maple  on  account  of  its  slow  growth  has  not  been  used  much 
in  reforestation.  It  is  very  tolerant  of  shade,  can  adapt  itself  to  almost 
all  kinds  of  soils,  thrives  either  in  a  pure  or  mixed  stand,  and  is  prac- 
tically free  from  injury  of  insects  and  diseases.  It  has,  however,  been 
extensively  used  as  a  shade  tree.  For  this  purpose  it  is  scarcely  ex- 
celled by  any  other  tree.  When  grown  in  the  open  it  almost  invariably 
ass'umes  a  symmetrical  oval  form,  and  the  autumnal  coloration  of  its 
foliage  is  rarely  surpassed  by  any  of  our  trees.  Where  a  large  tree  is 
desired  for  street  or  ornamental  planting  the  sugar  maple  can  safely  be 
recommended. 

5a.  Acer  saccharum  variety  Rugelii  (Pax)  Rehder.  This  variety 
of  the  sugar  maple  has  leaves  much  wider  than  long,  smaller  and  3- 
lobed.  The  lobes  are  long  acuminate  and  usually  entire,  sometimes  the 
lower  lobe  has  a  small  lobe  near  the  base.  This  variety  is  included  in  our 
flora  on  the  authority  of  C.  S.  Sargent  who  has  given  this  name  to 
specimens  from  Indiana  in  the  writer's  herbarium.  The  specimens  so 
named  are  from  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  While  there  is  a  wide 
range  of  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  the  typical  5-lobed 
Acer  saccharum  and  its  variety  Rugelii,  all  intermediate  forms  can  be 
easily  found.  The  leaves  of  a  tree  will  vary  most  on  those  trees  whose 
average  shaped  leaves  are  farthest  from  the  typical  form. 

5b.  Acer  saccharum  variety  Schneckii  Rehder.  This  variety  in 
its  extreme  form  is  well  marked  by  having  the  petioles  and  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  densely  covered  with  hairs.  The  variety  is  characterized 
by  having  a  "fulvous  pubescence,"  but  the  18  specimens  at  hand  show 
the  color  of  the  pubescence  on  both  young  and  mature  specimens  to 
range  from  white  to  fulvous.  The  leaves  of  all  specimens  at  hand  are 
5-lobed  and  show  a  variation  of  leaves  with  petioles  and  under  surface  of 
leaves  densely  pubescent  to  those  with  petioles  glabrous  and  with  densely 
pubescent  under  surface.  The  habitat  is  that  of  a  dry  soil  and  asso- 
ciated with  beech.  It  has  been  found  in  Gibson,  Martin,  Perry,  Posey 
and  Vanderburgh  counties. 


251 

AESCULACEAE.     THE  BUCKEYE  FAMILY. 
AESCULUS.     THE  BUCKEYES. 

Trees  with  dark  or  ashy-gray  colored  bark;  twigs  stout;  buds  large, 
leaves  opposite,  palmately  divided  into  5-9  ovate  or  oblong  divisions, 
the  divisions  serrate;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  fruit  a  3-lobed 
capsule.  The  fruit  is  poisonous  to  stock,  although  it  rarely  proves 
fatal. 

Anthers  protruding  from  the  flower;  fruit  warty 1  A.  glabra. 

Anthers  included  in  the  flower;  fruit  smooth 2  A.  octandra. 

1.  Aesculus  glabra  Willdenow.  BUCKEYE.  Plate  116.  Medium  to 
large  sized  trees1;  bark  of  old  trees  fissured,  not  tight;  branchlets  robust ; 
twigs  at  first  more  or  less  pubescent,  remaining  more  or  less  hairy  until 
maturity;  leaves  large,  5-foliate,  rarely  6  or  7  foliate,  petioles  more  or 
less  pubescent;  leaflets  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks,  ovate-oblong, 
oval-oblong,  or  obovate,  about  1  dm.  long,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  a 
wedge-shaped  base,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  until  maturity,  es- 
pecially along  the  principal  veins,  margins  irregularly  serrate  except 
near  the  base;  flowers  generally  appear  in  May  when  the  leaves  are 
almost  full  size,  but  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  the  flowers 
sometimes  appear  the  last  of  March,  flower  clusters  1-1.5  dm.  long,  the 
whole  inflorescence  usually  densely  covered  with  white  hairs,  flowers 
pale-greenish  yellow;  fruit  a  globular  spiny  capsule,  generally  3-6  cm. 
in  diameter,  which  usually  contains  1-3  large  glossy  chocolate-colored 
nuts. 

The  pubescence  on  the  petioles,  leaflets  and  inflorescence  is  generally 
white,  but  often  with  it  are  reddish  and  longer  hairs  which  are  scattered 
among  the  other  hairs,  except  in  the  articulations  of  the  flowers, 
pedicels  and  leaflets,  where  they  appear  in  tufts. 

Distribution. — Pennsylvania  south  to  Alabama,  west  to  Iowa  and 
south  to  the  Indian  Territory.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is 
usually  associated  with  beech,  sugar  maple  and  linn.  On  account  of  the 
poisonous  character  of  its  fruit,  land  owners  have  almost  exterminated 
it. 

From  the  data  at  hand  it  appears  that  the  buckeye  was  a  rare  tree 
in  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  However,  as  soon  as  the  basin  of  the 
Wabash  is  reached  it  becomes  a  frequent  to  a  common  tree  where  beech, 
sugar  maple,  and  linn  are  found.  In  all  of  our  area  it  prefers  a  rich 
moist  soil,  except  in  the  southern  counties  it  may  be  found  even  on  the 

18.  Coulter:  Size  of  some  trees  of  Jefferson  County,  Ind.  Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  1:10:1875 
He  says:  "Fifty  trees  were  measured  at  three  feet  above  the  ground  with  an  average  diameter 
of  2  ft.  and  9  inches.  An  equal  number  of  Aesculus  octandra  were  measured  at  the  same 
height  from  the  ground  with  an  average  diameter  of  2  ft.  and  9  inches." 


252 

PLATE  116. 


AESCULUS  GLABRA  Willdenow.     BUCKEYE,     (x.  ^.) 


253 

bluffs  of  streams  with  the  species  just  named.  In  the  lower  Wabash 
Valley  especially  in  Posey  County  it  was  a  rare  tree,  or  entirely  absent. 

Remarks. — In  our  area  the  buckeye  is  the  very  first  tree  to  put  out 
its  leaves.  On  this  account  in  early  Spring  it  can  be  easily  distinguished 
in  the  forest.  This  character  together  with  its  large  clusters  of  flowers 
which  appear  early  are  features  which  recommend  it  for  shade  tree  and 
ornamental  planting.  The  tree  has  now  become  so  rare  in  Indiana 
as  to  have  no  economic  importance. 

2.  Aesculus  octandra  Marshall.  BUCKEYE.  SWEET  BUCKEYE. 
Plate  117.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with  smooth  bark  which  on  old 
trees  becomes  more  or  less  scaly.  This  tree  closely  resembles  the  pre- 
ceding from  which  it  can  be  easily  distinguished- by  the  following  charac- 
ters. Its  smoother  and  lighter  colored  bark;  by  the  entire  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  remaining  permanently  pubescent;  the  hairs  more  or  less 
fulvous;  by  the  included  anthers;  and  by  its  smooth  capsule. 

Distribution. — Western  Pennsylvania,  westward  along  the  Ohio  to 
Iowa,  south  to  Georgia  and  west  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.  In  Indiana  it 
is  confined  to  a  few  counties  along  the  Ohio  River.  The  records  of 
McCaslin  for  Jay  and  Phinney  for  Delaware  counties  are  doubtless 
errors  in  determination.  The  writer  has  diligently  tried  to  extend  the 
range  of  this  species  in  Indiana  and  has  found  it  only  in  Dearborn, 
Jefferson,  Clark  and  Crawford  Counties,  and  in  no  place  more  than  a 
mile  from  the  Ohio  River.  No  doubt  under  favorable  situations  it 
found  its  way  to  a  greater  distance  from  the  River.  On  account  of  the 
poisonous  character  of  its  fruit,  it  has  been  almost  exterminated,  and 
only  along  the  precipitous  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River  are  trees  yet  to  be 
found.  Doubtless  its  exact  range  in  our  area  can  never  be  determined. 
Dr.  Drake1  minutely  described  this  species  and  remarks:  "This  species 
delights  in  rich  hills,  and  is  seldom  seen  far  from  the  Ohio  River.  It 
frequently  arrives  at  the  height  of  100  feet  and  the  diameter  of  four  feet." 

Remarks. — The  wood  is  soft,  white  and  resembles  the  sap  wood  of 
the  tulip  tree  for  which  wood  it  is  commonly  sold.  Too  rare  in  Indiana 
to  be  of  economic  importance.  Young2  reported  a  purple  flowered  form 
of  buckeye  from  Jefferson  County,  but  since  no  specimen  was  preserved 
and  the  size  of  the  plant  is  not  given,  it  will  not  be  considered  here.  The 
form  was  reported  as  rare  under  the  name  of  Aesculus  flava  var.  pur- 
purascens. 


!Drake:  Picture  of  Cincinnatus:79:1815. 

zYoung:  Botany  of  Jefferson  County,  Ind.  Geo.  Surv.  Ind.  Kept.  2-255:1871. 


254 
PLATE  117. 


AESCULUS  OCTANDRA  Marshall.     SWEET  BUCKEYE,     (x 


255 

TILIACEAE.     THE  LINDEN  FAMILY. 
TILIA.     THE  BASSWOODS. 

Trees  with  medium  sized  twigs;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  taper- 
pointed,  oblique  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate;  flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  white  or  yellow,  fragrant,  peduncles  of  the 
cymes  with  a  leaf-like  bract  adhering  to  about  half  their  length;  fruit 
nut-like,  woody,  1-celled. 

Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  beneath 1  T.  glabra. 

Leaves  densely  white  or  gray  pubescent  beneath 2  T.  heterophylla. 

1.  Tilia  glabra  Ventenat  (Tilia  americana  Linnaeus  of  authors) . 
LINN.  BASSWOOD.  Plate.  118.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with 
deeply  furrowed  bark,  much  resembling  that  of  white  ash  or  black  wal- 
nut; twigs  when  chewed  somewhat  mucilaginous,  usually  somewhat 
zigzag;  leaves  on  petioles  2-6  cm.  long,  blades  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular, 
5-15  cm.  long,  short  or  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  more  or  less 
coarsely  or  finely  serrate  with  teeth  attenuate  and  ending  in  a  gland, 
dark  green  and  smooth  above,  a  lighter  green  and  generally  smooth 
beneath  at  maturity  except  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  prinicpal 
veins,  or  sometimes  with  a  scanty  pubescence  of  simple  or  stellate 
hairs  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  June  or  July,  when  the  leaves  are  al- 
most mature;  bracts  of  the  peduncles  very  variable,  generally  about 
8-10  cm.  long,  rounded,  or  tapering  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  smooth  both  above  and  beneath  at  maturity;  peduncles 
from  very  short  up  to  6  cm.  in  length;  pedicels  of  flowers  variable  in 
length  on  the  same  and  on  different  trees,  generally  about  one  cm. 
long;  styles  pubescent  near  the  base  on  all  of  the  specimens  at  hand; 
fruit  woolly,  globose  or  somewhat  ellipsoidal,  generally  about  6  mm. 
in  diameter. 

Distribution. — New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Georgia  and 
west  to  Texas.  More  or  less  frequent  to  common  in  rich  moist  soil  in 
all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is  the  most  frequent  and  common  in  the  lake 
area  of  the  State  but  was  almost  as  frequent  and  common  throughout 
the  central  part  of  the  State  until  the  hilly  area  is  reached  where  its 
habitat  disappears  for  the  greater  part.  In  the  hill  area  it  is  confined  to 
the  basins  of  streams,  although  sometimes  found  on  the  high  rocky  bluffs 
of  streams.  Rare  or  absent  in  the  flats.  In  most  of  its  area  it  is  asso- 
ciated with  white  ash,  slippery  elm,  beech,  maple,  shellbark  hickory,  etc. 

Remarks. — Wood  soft,  light,  straight  and  close-grained,  white  and 
seasons  well.  On  account  of  its  softness  and  lightness  it  has  always  been 
a  favorite  wood  where  these  two  factors  were  important  considerations. 


256 
PLATE  118. 


TILIA  GLABRA  Ventenat.     LINN  OR  BASSWOOD.     (x 


257 

Is  practically  odorless,  hence,  is  a  desirable  wood  to  contain  food  pro- 
ducts. Its  principal  uses  are  lumber,  heading,  excelsior  and  veneer.  The 
supply  of  this  species  in  Indiana  is  now  practically  exhausted. 

In  Indiana  this  species  is  commonly  called  linn,  and  only  in  a  few 
counties  near  the  Michigan  line  is  it  known  as  basswood.  The  name 
basswood  is  a  corruption  of  the  name  bastwood,  meaning  the  inner 
tough  and  fibrous  part  of  the  bark,  which  was  used  by  pioneers  for  tying 
shocks  of  corn,  and  other  cordage  purposes.  However,  Dr.  Schneck 
gives  the  name  whittle-wood  as  one  of  its  common  names;  and  in  some 
localities  it  is  called  bee  tree,  because  bees  find  its  flowers  rich  in  honey. 

Linn  is  adapted  to  a  rich  moist  soil,  transplants  fairly  well,  and 
grows  rapidly.  It  has  been  used  to  some  extent  as  an  ornamental  and 
shade  tree,  but  its  use  as  a  street  shade  tree  is  no  longer  recommended 
because  it  is  not  adapted  to  city  conditions,  and  is  killed  by  the  scale. 
It  could,  however,  be  recommended  as  an  integral  part  of  a  windbreak, 
or  woodlot  where  the  land  owner  has  an  apiary. 

2.  Tilia  heterophylla  Ventenat.  LINN.  WHITE  BASSWOOD.  Plate 
119.  Usually  large  trees;  bark  similar  to  the  preceding  but  lighter  in 
color;  twigs  similar  to  the  preceding  species;  leaves  on  petioles  2-8  cm. 
long,  blades  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  generally  7-15  cm.  long,  generally 
oblique  at  the  base,  oblique-truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  abruptly 
short  or  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  serrate  with  teeth  at- 
tenuate and  ending  in  a  gland,  at  maturity  smooth  and  a  dark  yellow- 
green  above,  the  under  surface  generally  densely  covered  with  a  silvery 
or  gray  tomentum,  however,  on  some  specimens  the  pubescence  is  thin 
and  appears  as  a  stellate  pubescence,  the  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  principal 
axils  of  the  veins  are  reddish  brown,  in  addition  to  the  pubescence  red- 
dish glands  are  often  found  on  the  veins  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  June 
or  July  when  the  leaves  are  almost  mature;  bracts  very  variable.  4-15 
cm.  long,  generally  on  short  peduncles,  rounded  or  wedge-shape  at  the 
base,  generally  rounded  at  the  apex,  sometimes  merely  obtuse,  glabrous 
both  above  and  below,  or  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  beneath  and 
generally  sparingly  pubescent  above;  pedicels  of  flowers  variable  in 
length,  usually  about  1  cm.  long;  styles  of  flowers  pubescent  at  the 
base;  fruit  globose  or  somewhat  ellipsoidal  generally  6-8  mm.  in  di- 
ameter. 

Distribution. — This  species  as  understood  by  Sargent  ranges  from 
West  Virginia  to  Indiana  and  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Alabama. 
In  Indiana  it  is  confined  to  counties  near  the  Ohio  River.  Specimens  are 
in  the  writer's  herbarium  from  Dearborn,  Ripley,  Switzerland,  Jefferson, 
Clark,  Harrison,  Crawford,  Perry,  southeastern  Dubois  and  east 
Spencer  Counties.  Practically  in  all  of  its  range  in  Indiana  it  is  found  on 


TILIA  HETEROPHYLLA  Ventenat.     WHITE  BASSWOOD.     (x 


259 

the  tops  of  high  bluffs  along  streams  or  on  the  slopes  of  deep  ravines. 
It  is  an  infrequent  to  a  common  tree  where  found.  In  general  in  the 
counties  just  mentioned  it  supplants  the  other  species  of  Tilia.  It  was 
reported  from  Wayne  County  by  Phinney,  and  Schneck  says  a  single 
tree  was  found  near  the  mouth  of  White  River.  The  last  named  tree 
may  be  Tilia  neglecta  which  is  said  to  be  found  just  west  in  Illinois. 

Remarks. — Wood  and  uses  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species. 
In  Indiana  the  species  are  not  commercially  separated. 

A  satisfactory  division  of  the  species  of  Tilia  of  the  United  States  has 
long  been  a  puzzle.  C.  S.  Sargent1  has  recently  published  his  studies 
of  the  species  and  credits  Indiana  with  two  species  and  one  variety. 
His  range  of  Tilia  neglecta  might  include  a  part  of  Indiana,  and  it  may 
be  that  the  pubescent  forms  of  Tilia  glabra  in  our  area  should  be  referred 
to  that  species.  Specimens  No.  28043  and  28047  in  the  writer's  her- 
barium collected  from  trees  on  the  high  bluff  of  Graham  Creek  in  Jen- 
nings County,  Sargent  refers  to  Tilia  heterophylla  variety  Michauxii 
Sargent.  While  Sargent's  key  to  Tilia  quite  distinctly  separates  the 
species  and  varieties,  yet  when  specimens  are  collected  from  an  area  where 
the  species  overlap  and  seem  to  intergrade,  the  task  of  referring  a 
specimen  to  the  proper  species  or  variety  is  not  an  easy  one.  In  fact 
the  writer  acknowledges  his  inability  to  satisfactorily  classify  our  forms 
of  Tilia,  and  the  present  arrangement  should  be  accepted  as  provisional. 

CORNACEAE.     THE  DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  opposite  or  whorled;  fruit 
mostly  a  drupe,  1  or  2  seeded. 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  of  two  kinds,  the  staminate  in  heads, 

5-parted;  stigmas  lateral 1  Nyssa. 

Leaves  opposite;  flowers  perfect,  4-parted;  stigmas  terminal.  .   2  Cornus. 

1.     NYSSA.     THE  TUPELOS. 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marshall.  GUM.  BLACK  GUM.  SOUR  GUM. 
YELLOW  GUM.  PEPPERIDGE.  Plate  120.  Medium  to  large  sized 
trees;  bark  on  old  trees  deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed,  the  ridges 
broken  up  into  small  lengths;  twigs  at  first  pubescent,  becoming  gla- 
brous; leaves  oval-obovate  or  oblong,  blades  5-12  cm.  long  on  petioles 
0.5-2  cm.  long,  rather  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sometimes  rounded,  margins  entire,  petioles  and  both  surfaces 
pubescent  when  they  unfold,  becoming  glabrous  above  and  glabrous  or 

iSargent:  Notes  on  North  American  Trees.     Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  66:421-438  and  494-511 
1918. 


260 

PLATE  120. 


NYSSA  SYLVATICA  Marshall.     BLACK  GUM.     (x 


261 

nearly  so  beneath  at  maturity;  flowers  appear  in  May  or  June,  the 
stammate  in  clusters,  numerous,  small  greenish-white,  the  pistillate 
2-8  or  solitary;  fruit  ripens  in  autumn,  a  fleshy  drupe,  1-3  of  a  cluster 
ripening  on  a  pedicel  2-6  cm.  long,  ovoid,  usually  10-12  mm.  long,  blue- 
black,  sour  and  astringent;  stone  generally  cylindric  and  tapering  at 
each  end  and  with  10-12  indistinct  ribs. 

Distribution. — Maine,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan,  south- 
eastern Wisconsin1  to  Missouri  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  Found  through- 
out Indiana  and  no  doubt  was  a  native  of  practically  every  county.  It  is 
an  infrequent  to  a  very  rare  tree  in  the  northern  half  of  the  State,  be- 
coming a  common  tree  in  certain  parts  of  the  southern  counties.  In 
the  northern  part  of  the  State  it  is  usually  found  on  dry  ground  asso- 
ciated with  the  oaks,  although  it  is  also  found  with  sugar  maple  and 
beech. 

Remarks. — Wood  heavy,  soft,  very  difficult  to  split.  Woodsmen 
always  speak  of  two  kinds  of  black  gum.  There  is  one  form  which  splits 
easily  which  is  designated  as  "yellow  gum."  This  distinction  has  not 
been  substantiated.  The  uses  of  gum  are  many.  The  quality  of  not 
splitting  makes  many  uses  for  it.  The  greater  amount  of  gum  is  used 
as  rough  stuff.  In  the  manufactures  it  is  used  for  mine  rollers,  heading, 
boxes,  hatter's  blocks,  water  pipes,  firearms,  wooden  ware,  musical 
instruments,  etc. 

The  distinctive  habit  of  growth  of  the  black  gum  together  with  the 
gorgeous  coloring  of  the  autumnal  foliage  recommend  this  species  for 
ornamental  planting.  It  has  an  upright  habit  of  growth,  although  the 
trunk  is  more  or  less  crooked.  The  crown  when  grown  in  the  open  is 
usually  pyramidal,  composed  of  horizontal  crooked  branches. 

2.     CORNUS.     DOGWOOD. 

Cornus  florida  Linnaeus.  DOGWOOD.  FLOWERING  DOGWOOD. 
Plate  121.  Usually  a  small  tree2  1-2  dm.  in  diameter;  bark  deeply 
fissured,  the  ridges  divided  into  short  oblong,  pieces;  branchlets  slender, 
in  winter  condition  turning  up  at  the  tips;  twigs  green  and  smooth  or 
nearly  so  from  the  first;  leaves  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  blades  generally 
5-12  cm.  long  on  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  generally  abruptly  taper- 
pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  generally  oblique  at  the  base, 
margins  thickened  and  entire,  or  very  slightly  crenulate,  appressed 
pubescent  both  above  and  beneath,  light  green  above  and  a 
grayish-green  beneath;  flowering  heads  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of 

1Wadmond:  Flora  of  Racine  and  Kenosha  Counties.  Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  Vol.16: 
857:1909.  The  author  says:  "Two  trees  near  Berry ville,  the  only  known  trees  of  this  species 
in  the  State." 

2In  1918  I  measured  a  specimen  near  Yankeetown  in  Warrick  County  that  had  a  clear 
hole  of  3  meters  (10  feet),  and  a  circumference  of  11  dm.  (40  inches)  b.h. 


262 
PLATE  121. 


CORNUS  FLORIDA  Linnaeus.     DOGWOOD,     (x  Y2.} 


263 

4-large  white  or  pinkish  bracts;  the  mature  bracts  are  obovate,  2-4  cm. 
long,  notched  at  the  apex,  appear  before  the  leaves  in  April  or  May; 
flowers  are  in  a  head,  numerous,  small  and  greenish,  opening  usually 
about  the  middle  of  May  as  the  leaves  appear  or  even  when  the  leaves 
are  one-third  grown;  fruit  ripens  in  September  or  October,  an  ovoid 
red  drupe  about  1  cm.  long,  usually  about  3-5  flowers  of  a  head  mature 
fruit;  stone  elliptic  and  pointed  at  each  end. 

Distribution. — Southern  Maine,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Mich- 
igan, to  Missouri  and  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas.  Found  in  all 
parts  of  Indiana.  Frequent  to  very  common  in  all  beech-sugar  maple 
woods  of  the  State.  It  is  very  rare  or  absent  in  the  prairie  area  of  the 
northwest  part  of  the  State,  although  it  has  been  found  in  upland 
woods  in  all  of  the  counties  bordering  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  also  a  fre- 
quent or  more  common  tree  in  most  parts  of  the  State  associated  with 
white  oak,  or  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  with  black  and  white  oak. 
It  prefers  a  dry  habitat,  and  is  rarely  found  in  wet  situations. 

Remarks. — Wood  hard,  heavy,  strong,  close-grained  and  takes  a 
high  polish.  The  Indians  made  a  scarlet  dye  from  the  roots.  It  was 
used  much  by  the  pioneers  for  wedges,  mallets  and  handles  for  tools. 
The  trees  are  so  small  that  they  do  not  produce  much  wood.  The 
present  supply  is  used  principally  for  shuttles,  golfheads,  brush  blocks, 
engraver's  blocks,  etc. 

The  mature  fruit  is  much  relished  by  squirrels  and  birds. 

The  tree  is  quite  conspicuous  in  the  flowering  season,  and  when  the 
fruit  is  maturing.  These  features  recommend  it  for  ornamental  plant- 
ing, and  it  is  used  to  some  extent.  The  tree  has  a  flat  crown,  and  is 
quite  shade  enduring.  It  is  very  difficult  ^o  transplant,  and  when  the 
tree  is  transplanted,  if  possible,  some  earth  taken  from  under  a  live  dog- 
wood tree,  should  be  used  to  fill  in  the  hole  where  it  is  planted. 

ERICACEAE.     THE  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Oxydendrum  arboreum  (Linnaeus)  DeCandolle.  SOUR  WOOD. 
SORREL  TREE.  Plate  122.  Small  trees  with  a  gray  and  deeply  fissured 
bark,  much  resembling  that  of  a  young  sweet  gum  tree;  twigs  and 
branchlets  greenish  and  smooth;  leaves  alternate,  on  petioles  about  a 
cm.  long,  oblong-oval,  generally  10-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  entire  toward  the  base  or 
sometimes  all  over,  usually  about  three-fourths  is  irregularly  serrate 
with  very  short  incurved  teeth,  glabrous  above  and  beneath  except  a 
puberulence  on  the  midrib  and  sometimes  on  the  petiole  to  which  an 
occasional  prickle  is  added  beneath;  flowers  appear  in  June  when  the 
leaves  are  full  grown,  in  large  panicles  at  the  end  of  the  year's  growth, 


264 

PLATE   122. 


OXYDENDRUM  ARBOREUM  (Linnaeus)  DeCandolle.    SOUR  WOOD.     SORREL 

TREE,     (x  H-) 


265 

white,  the  whole  inflorescence  covered  with  a  short  gray  pubescence; 
fruit  a  capsule  about  0.5  cm.  long  on  an  erect  and  recurved  pedicel  of 
about  the  same  length,  maturing  in  autumn. 

Distribution. — A  tree  of  the  elevated  regions  of  the  area  from 
southeastern  Pennsylvania  to  Florida  and  west  to  southern  Indiana 
and  south  to  Louisiana.  In  Indiana  it  is  definitely  known  to  occur  only 
in  Perry  County  at  the  base  of  a  beech  spur  of  the  VanBuren  Ridge  about 
7  miles  southeast  of  Cannelton.  Here  it  is  a  common  tree  over  an  area 
of  an  acre  or  two.  The  largest  tree  measured  was  about  1.5  dm.  in 
diameter  and  12  meters  high.  Here  it  is  associated  with  beech,  sugar 
maple,  dogwood,  sassafras,  etc.  When  coppiced  it  grows  long  slender 
shoots  which  the  boys  of  the  pioneers  used  for  arrows.  A  pioneer  who 
lived  near  this  colony  of  trees  is  the  author  of  this  use  of  the  wood  and 
he  called  the  tree  "arrow  wood." 

EBENACEAE.     THE  EBONY  FAMILY. 

Diospyros  virginiana  Linnaeus.  PERSIMMON.  Plate  123.  Small 
or  medium  sized  trees  with  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  bark,  the 
ridges  broken  up  into  short  lengths;  twigs  pubescent;  leaves  alternate, 
oval,  oblong-oval  or  ovate,  generally  8-15  cm.  long  and  3-7  cm.  wide, 
narrowed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  short  pointed  at  the  apex, 
margin  entire  but  ciliate,  slightly  pubescent  above  when  young,  be- 
coming glabrous  on  age,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  sometimes 
glabrous  except  the  midrib  and  margin;  flowers  appear  in  May  or  June 
on  the  year's  growth  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  greenish 
yellow,  the  staminate  on  one  tree  and  the  pistillate  on  another;  fruit 
ripens  in  August,  September  or  October,  depressed-globose  or  oblong 
in  shape,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  generally  with  1-4  very  hard  flat  seed. 

Distribution. — Connecticut  to  Iowa  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  In 
Indiana  it  is  confined  to  the  south  half  of  the  State.  We  have  no 
record  of  wild  trees  being  found  north  of  Indianapolis,  except  Prof. 
Stanley  Coulter  reports  three  trees  growing  in  Tippecanoe  County  in 
situations  such  as  to  indicate  that  they  are  native.  It  is  doubtful  if  it 
was  ever  more  than  a  frequen  t  tree  in  the  original  forest.  In  some  of 
the  hill  counties  of  the  south  central  part  of  the  State,  it  has  become  a 
common  tree  in  clearings  and  abandoned  fields.  It  grows  long  surface 
roots  from  which  numerous  suckers  grow  which  form  the  "persimmon 
thickets."  It  seems  to  thrive  in  the  poorest  and  hardest  of  soils. 
However,  it  reaches  its  greatest  size  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Here  large  and  tall  trees  have  been  observed 
on  the  low  border  of  sloughs,  associated  with  such  water-loving  plants  as 


266 
PLATE  123. 


DIOSPYROS  VIRGINIANA  Linnaeus.     PERSIMMON,     (x  Y2.) 


267 

water-locust,  button-bush,  swell-butt  ash,  etc.  It  thrives  equally  well 
on  the  high  sandy  ridges  of  Knox  and  Sullivan  Counties. 

Remarks. — The  fruit  is  edible  and  the  horticultural  possibilities 
of  this  tree  have  never  received  the  attention  they  deserve.  The  opin- 
ion is  current  that  the  fruit  does  not  ripen  and  is  not  edible  until  it  is 
subjected  to  a  frost.  This  is  an  error.  The  best  and  largest  fruit  I 
have  ever  eaten  ripened  without  a  frost.  A  large  native  tree  on  the 
Forest  Reserve  in  Clark  County  ripens  its  fruit  in  August,  which  is  of 
an  excellent  quality  and  usually  has  only  one,  and  rarely  more  than 
three  seeds.  The  fruit  of  this  tree  is  of  the  oblong  type.  The  fruit 
varies  much  in  size,  time  of  ripening  and  quality.  Some  is  scarcely 
edible.  Some  of  the  native  trees  bear  fruit  when  they  are  not  over 
eight  feet  tall,  some  are  usually  prolific  bearers  while  others  bear 
sparingly.  For  this  reason  if  one  wishes  to  grow  persimmon  trees  it 
is  best  to  buy  grafted  trees  from  some  reliable  nurseryman.  The  tree 
is  hardy  throughout  Indiana  and  while  it  is  a  very  slow  growing  tree, 
it  can  nevertheless  be  recommended  for  ornamental  and  roadside  tree 
planting.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  cattle  will  not  browse  persimmon, 
and  that  hogs  greedily  eat  the  ripe  fruit.  The  fruit  of  many  trees  does 
not  fall  until  early  winter,  and  such  trees  are  a  granary  for  several 
kind  of  animals  of  the  forest. 

The  wood  is  hard,  heavy,  strong  and  close-grained.  Practically  the 
whole  output  of  persimmon  lumber  is  used  in  making  shuttles.  In 
Indiana  the  tree  is  too  rare  to  furnish  much  lumber. 

OLElCAE.     THE  OLIVE  FAMILY. 

Leaves  compound;  fruit  dry,  a  samara 1  Fraxinus. 

Leaves  simple;  fruit  fleshy,  a  drupe 2  Adelia. 

1.     FRAXINUS.     THE  ASHES. 

Trees  with  opposite,  odd-pinnate  leaves;  flower?  appear  in  April 
or  May  in  clusters  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  on  different  or  sometimes  on  the  same  tree;  fruit  a  1- 
seeded  samara. 

Bark  of  mature  trees  furrowed;  fruit  not  winged  to  the  base. 
Body  of  fruit  robust,   round   and  rather  abruptly  passing 
into  the  wing;  the  body  rarely  winged  J^  its  length. 

Shoots   and  axis  of  leaves  smooth IF.  americana. 

Shoots  and  axis  of  leaves  velvety  pubescent,  at  least  when 

young 2  F.  biltmoreana. 

Body  of  fruit  flattened  and  gradually  passing  into  the  wing; 
the  body  usually  winged  more  than  %  its  length. 


268 

Shoots  glabrous,  or  practically  so 3  F.  lanceolata. 

Shoots  velvety  pubescent,  at  least  when  young. 

Calyx  of  fruit  less  than  3  mm.  long;  body  of  samara  just 
below  the  wing  less  than  3  mm.  wide,  rarely  4  mm. 
wide,  usually  1.5-2.5  mm.  wide;  samaras  3-4.5  cm. 

long, 4  F.  pennsylvanica. 

Calyx  of  fruit  more  than  3  mm.  long,  generally  4-5  mm. 
long;  body  of  samara  just  below  the  wing  more  than 
3  mm.  wic.e,  usually  4-5  mm.  wide;  samaras  gen- 
erally 4-6  cm.  long 5  F.  profunda. 

Bark  of  mature  trees  scaly  or  flaky;  fruit  winged  to  the  base. 

Twigs  usually  4  angled;  leaflets  on  very  short  stalks 6  F.  quadraDgulata. 

Twigs  round ;  leaflets  sessile 7  F.  nigra. 

1.  Fraxinus  americana  Linnaeus.  WHITE  ASH.  GRAY  ASH.  Plate 
124.  Large  trees  with  deeply  furrowed  bark;  twigs  smooth,  greenish 
gray  and  often  covered  with  a  bloom;  leaves  generally  2-3.5  dm.  long, 
rachis  smooth;  leaflets  5-9,  usually  7,  generally  5-14  cm.  long,  on  stalks 
generally  0.3-1  cm.  long,  the  termi  nalone  on  a  stalk  2-4  times  as  long, 
leaflets  ovate  to  narrow-oblong,  narrowed,  rounded  or  oblique  at 
base,  short  or  long  acuminate  at  apex,  sometimes  merely  acute,  margins 
entire  or  irregularly  serrate,  usually  not  serrated  to  the  base,  teeth 
short,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  glaucous  beneath,  sometimes  al- 
most green  beneath  about  Lake  Michigan  and  in  the  northern  tier  of 
counties,  usually  pubescent  beneath  along  the  midrib  and  along  the 
veins,  sometimes  glabrous;  calyx  persistent  on  the  fruit,  about  1  mm. 
long;  fruit  ripens  in  September  and  October,  linear,  3-4.5  cm.  long, 
variable  in  size  and  shape,  body  of  samara  cylindrical,  somewhat 
narrower  than  the  wing  and  usually  %-%  tne  length  of  the  samara, 
each  face  of  the  body  usually  striated  longitudinally  with  about  8  faint 
lines;  wing  terminal,  generally  about  0.5  cm.  wide,  pointed  or  notched 
at  apex. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  the  Gulf. 
Frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is  the  most  abundant  in 
the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  State,  where  it  is  associated  principally 
with  beech,  sugar  maple,  linn,  slippery  elm  and  red  oak.  In  the 
hilly  part  of  the  State  it  is  found  principally  near  water  courses  and  in 
ravines,  and  rarely  on  the  white  and  black  oak  ridges.  It  is  rarely 
found  in  the  low  "flats"  of  the  southeast  part  of  the  State,  or  in  the 
shingle  oak  bottoms  along  the  Patoka  River. 

Remarks. — Tha  foliage  of  the  white  ash  is  quite  variable  in  the 
texture  of  the  leaflets.  Leaflets  on  some  trees  are  quite  thin  while  those 
of  other  trees  are  thick  and  leathery,  and  no  doubt  would  be  classed  by 
Sargent  as  variety  subcoriacea1. 

iBot.  Gaz.  Vol.  67:241-242:1919. 


260 
PLATE  124. 


FRAXINUS  AMERICANA  Linnseus.     WHITE  ASH.     (x  Y2.) 


270 

A  form  of  white  ash  with  reddish-purple  fruit  is  found  from  Steuben 
to  Clark  County.  This  form  is  the  prevailing  type  of  white  ash  in 
Wayne  County  in  the  vicinity  of  Centerville.  It  has  been  described  by 
Fernald  as  forma  iodocarpa.1 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  elastic,  sap  wood  wrhite  and  the 
heart  wood  light  brown.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  Indiana  woods, 
and  is  used  by  almost  all  wood  using  industries.  Its  principal  uses  in- 
clude handles,  butter  tubs,  car  and  vehicle  stock,  automobiles  and 
implements. 

The  white  ash  has  been  under  cultivation  at  the  Clark  County  State 
Forest,  for  fifteen  years,  and  the  present  indications  are  that  it  is  one 
of  the  very  best  species  to  use  for  forest  planting.  It  is  hardy;  grows 
in  nearly  all  kinds  of  soil,  although  it  prefers  a  moist,  rich  soil;  trans- 
plants successfully;  grows  rapidly;  bears  pruning  well;  erect  in  habit 
of  growth,  and  so  far  in  our  area  forest  plantings  have  not  been  des- 
stroyed  by  injurious  insects.  However,  in  some  parts  of  the  State, 
where  trees  have  grown  in  the  cities,  some  have  been  killed  by  scale 
insects.  Aside  from  this  the  white  ash  would  be  an  excellent  tree  for 
roadside  planting,  because  it  comes  into  leaf  late,  and  never  produces  a 
dense  shade. 

At  present  seed  collectors  are  not  able  to  separate  the  species  of 
ash,  and  as  a  consequence  white  ash  seedlings  bought  from  a  nursery 
are  not  always  true  to  name.  For  this  reason  it  is  suggested  that  to 
obtain  seedlings  true  to  name  that  seed  be  collected  and  planted  from 
a  tree  true  to  name.  The  seed  should  be  planted  in  a  sandy  soil  in 
rows,  about  25  seeds  to  the  foot,  and  covered  about  an  inch  deep  with 
earth.  The  trees  should  be  planted  4x4  ft.  to  8x8  ft.  apart. 

2.  Fraxinus  biltmoreana  Beadle.  BILTMORE  ASH.  Plate  125. 
Large  forest  trees,  resembling  the  white  ash.  Young  trees  acquire  the  fur- 
rowed bark  character  earlier  than  the  white  ash,  furrows  of  the  bark  of  ma- 
ture trees  are  usually  deeper,  and  the  ridges  correspondingly  farther  apart ; 
twigs  are  robust  like  the  white  ash  and  always  velvety  pubescent  except 
in  age  when  they  may  become  smooth;  leaves  generally  2-3.5  dm.  long, 
rachis  pubescent;  leaflets  5-11,  usually  7-9,  generally  5-14  cm.  long, 
on  stalks  generally  0.3-1  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk  2-4 
times  as  long,  leaflets  broadly  ovate  to  narrow  ovate,  or  oblong  to 
narrow  oblong,  narrowed,  rounded,  or  oblique  at  the  base,  short  or 
long  acuminate  at  apex,  sometimes  merely  acute,  margins  generally 
entire,  sometimes  with  a  few  short  teeth  toward  the  apex,  dark  green 
and  smooth  above,  glaucous  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath; 
fruit  similar  to  the  preceding  species. 

lRhodora  Vol.   14:192:1912. 


FRAXINUS  BILTMOREANA  Beadle.     BILTMORE  ASH,     (x 


272 

Distribution. — This  species  has  only  recently  been  separated  from 
the  white  ash  and  its  range  has  not  been  ascertained.  It  is  known  to 
occur  in  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia.  In 
Indiana  it  is  known  to  occur  as  far  north  as  Wells  County.  It  is 
commonly  associated  with  the  white  ash,  but  much  less  frequent  except 
in  a  few  districts  where  it  is  the  prevailing  type.  Such  a  district  is  in 
Gibson  County  north  of  Owensville.  Here  as  well  as  in  other  parts 
of  Gibson  County  very  large  trees  have  been  observed.  In  the  original 
forest  the  pioneers  called  the  very  large  specimens  of  ash  with  deeply 
furrowed  bark  "the  old  fashion"  ash.  It  is  believed  that  most  of  these 
specimens  were  of  this  species.  In  the  hilly  parts  of  Indiana  this 
species  is  found  in  situations  too  dry  for  the  white  ash,  and  for  this 
reason  should  be  given  preference  in  hillside  planting. 

On  the  wooded  bluff  of  White  River  in  Fairview  Park  north  of 
Indianapolis  is  a  specimen  that  measures  31  dm.  in  circumference,  b.h. 
The  deepest  furrows  on  the  north  side  of  the  tree  are  6  cm.  deep. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  not  yet  commonly  separated  from  the 
white  ash  and  is  known  to  the  trade  as  white  ash.  Mr.  Beadle  who  first 
recognized  the  species,  named  it  Biltmore  ash  in  honor  of  the  Biltmore 
Estate  on  which  the  first  tree  was  discovered.  Authors  ever  since  have 
so  called  it,  and  the  common  name  which  this  form  should  bear  is 
Biltmore  ash. 

On  the  Clark  County  State  Forest  is  a  planting  of  sixteen  year  old 
white  ash  in  which  are  mixed  quite  a  number  of  Biltmore  ash.  This 
species  at  a  distance,  can  be  distinguished  from  the  white  ash  by  the 
rougher  bark  of  the  trunks  and  the  darker  green  color  of  its  foliage,  and 
in  the  autumn  by  its  more  colored  foliage.  A  closer  view  shows  that  the 
leaflets  of  the  Biltmore  ash  stand  in  a  plane  above  the  rachis  higher 
than  those  of  the  white  ash, 

The  wood  is  not  commercially  distinguished  from  the  white  ash,  but 
its  mechanical  properties  rank  it  somewhat  below  that  species.1 

3.  Fraxinus  lanceolata  Borckhausen.  WHITE  ASH.  GREEN  ASH. 
SWAMP  ASH.  Plate  126.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with  fissured 
bark,  the  ridges  and  furrows  narrower  than  those  of  the  white  ash; 
twigs  slender  and  glabrous  at  maturity;  leaves  generally  2-3  dm.  long, 
rachis  smooth,  rarely  slightly  pubescent;  leaflets  5-9,  usually  7,  gen- 
erally 5-15  cm.  long,  on  stalks  generally  about  0.5  cm.  or  less  in  length, 
the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk  2-4  times  as  long,  leaflets  generally  narrow- 
oblong  or  ovate  to  narrow  ovate-oblong,  generally  with  a  narrowed 
base,  sometimes  rounded  and  oblique,  short  or  long  acuminate  at  apex, 
margin  entire  near  the  base,  the  remainder  of  the  margin  generally 

iSterrett:  Utilization  of  Ash.   U.   S.   Dept.   Agri.   Bui.   523:1917. 


273 

PLATE  126. 


FRAXINUS  LANCEOLATA  Bcrkhausen.     GREEN  ASH.     (x  Y2.} 


274 

sparsely  serrate  with  short  teeth,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  a  lighter 
green  beneath  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  petiolules,  midrib  and 
veins;  calyx  persistent,  about  1  mm.  long;  fruit  ripens  in  September 
and  October,  linear  or  spatulate,  3-5  cm.  long,  variable  in  size  and  shape, 
body  %-%  the  length  of  samara,  compressed  or  flattened  and  gradu- 
ally narrowed  to  the  base,  usually  less  than  half  as  wide  as  the  wing, 
each  face  of  the  body  usually  striated  with  about  2-4  lines  which  are 
stronger  than  those  near  the  edge  of  the  body;  wing  generally  5-6  mm. 
wide,  pointed  or  notched  at  apex,  and  decurrent  on  the  sides  of  the  body 
for  about  one-half  of  its  length. 

Distribution. — Lake  Champlain  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  south  to 
the  Gulf.  Found  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is  usually  found  in  low 
ground  along  streams,  in  swamps,  and  in  low  woods.  It  is  usually 
associated  with  white  elm,  red  maple,  cottonwood,  aspens,  linn,  bur 
oak,  etc.,  in  the  south  to  this  list  should  be  added  silver  maple  and 
cypress.  It  prefers  a  habitat  wetter  than  that  of  the  white  ash,  although 
the  two  are  found  together  in  wet  woods.  In  swampy  woods  it  is  often 
a  common  tree.  While  it  has  a  general  distribution  in  the  State,  it  is 
much  more  local  than  the  white  ash. 

Remarks. — This  form  is  not  usually  separated  from  the  next  species, 
and  both  are  known  in  books  and  by  nurserymen  as  green  or  red  ash. 
The  common  name,  green  ash,  should  be  applied  to  this  species  to 
separate  it  from  the  true  white  ash,  and  the  next. 

In  ash  forest  plantings  on  the  Clark  County  State  Forest,  it  is  to 
be  noted  that  this  and  the  next  species  bear  fruit  while  the  trees  are 
as  small  as  1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  while  the  white  and  Biltmore  ash  which 
are  much  older  and  6-8  cm.  in  diameter  have  never  borne  fruit.  This 
species  and  the  next  bear  fruit  oftener  and  in  greater  abundance  than 
the  white  or  Biltmore  ash.  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  practically  all 
of  the  volunteer  ash  trees  found  along  fences  and  roadsides,  except 
very  large  trees,  are  of  the  green  ash  species. 

The  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  white  ash,  and  the  cut  is  usually  sold 
as  that  species.  However,  it  ranks  below  white  ash  in  its  mechanical 
qualities.1 

While  the  native  green  ash  is  found  growing  in  swamps,  it  adapts 
itself  to  drier  situations.  It  is  planted  more  than  any  other  species 
of  ash  in  the  cold  and  dry  regions  of  the  West  and  Northwest. 

4.  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marshall.  RED  ASH.  WHITE 
ASH.  SWAMP  ASH.  Plate  127.  Usually  medium  sized  trees  much 
like  the  preceding;  twigs  velvety  pubescent  at  maturity;  leaves 
generally  2-3  dm.  long,  rachis  pubescent; leaflets  5-9,  usually  7.  generally 

iSterrett:  Utilization  of  Ash.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agri.  Bui.  523:1917. 


FRAXINUS  PENNSYLVANICA  Marshall.     RED  ASH.     (x 


276 

5-15  cm.  long,  on  stalks  generally  -about  0.5  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one 
on  a  stalk  2-4  times  as  long,  leaflets  general!}'  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or 
oblong  to  narrow-oblong,  generally  with  a  narrowed  base,  sometimes 
rounded  and  oblique,  short  or  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins 
sometimes  entire,  generally  entire  near  the  base,  the  remainder  more  or 
less  serrated  with  shallow  teeth,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  a  lighter 
green  beneath  and  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  all  over  the  lower 
surface,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins;  calyx  persistent,  about  1  mm. 
long;  fruit  can  not  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 

Distribution. — Quebec  tc  Manitoba,  and  south  to  Florida.  Found 
sparingly  in  all  parts  of  Indiana.  It  is  usually  found  in  low  ground,  but 
frequently  on  bluffs,  and  flood  plain  banks. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  not  commonly  separated  from  the  white 
ash  group,  but  in  books  it  is  known  as  the  red  ash.  This  is  the  common 
name  that  should  be  applied  to  this  form. 

This  species  is  not  usually  separated  from  the  preceding,  but  it  is 
easily  distinguished  from  it  by  its  pubescent  twigs.  It  can  be  distin- 
guished from  the  next  by  its  smaller  twigs,  smaller  calyx  and  smaller 
fruit. 

The  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  the  white  ash,  and  the  cut  is  usually 
sold  as  that  species.  In  mechanical  qualities  it  is  on  a  par  with  the 
green  ash. 

5.  Fraxinus  profunda  Bush.  SWELLTBUTT  ASH.  Plate  128. 
Medium  or  large  trees  with  fissured  bark  similar  to  the  white  ash;  twigs 
robust  and  velvety  pubescent  at  least  while  young;  leaves  generally 
2-4  dm.  long,  rachis  densely  pubescent,  rarely  almost  smooth;  leaflets 
5-9,  generally  7,  on  stalks  0.5-1  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk 
2-4  times  as  long,  leaflets  ovate,  narrow-ovate  to  narrow-oblong, 
narrowed  or  rounded  and  oblique  at  the  base,  short  or  long  taper- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  margins  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  short  teeth,  dark 
green  and  smooth  above,  a  lighter  green  and  densely  pubescent  beneath, 
rarely  somewhat  smooth;  calyx  persistent,  generally  4-5  mm.  long, 
rarely  as  short  as  3  mm.;  fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October, 
linear,  generally  4-6  cm.  long,  variable  in  size  and  shape,  body  about 
J^  the  length  of  the  samara,  compressed  or  flattened  and  gradually 
narrowed  to  the  base,  the  striations  on  the  face  of  the  body  not 
prominent  and  usually  not  distinct  the  full  length  of  the  body,  samara 
often  unilateral  or  somewhat  falcate;  wings  notched  or  merely  rounded 
at  the  apex,  decurrent  on  the  body  %-¥%  its  length,  sometimes  almost 
terminal. 

Distribution. — Virginia,  Indiana  and  Missouri,  and  south  to 
Florida.  In  Indiana  the  distribution  has  not  been  determined.  It  is 


277 
PLATE 


FRAXINUS    PROFUNDA    Bush.      SWELL-BUTT    or    PUMPKIN    ASH. 


278 

a  common  to  an  infrequent  tree  of  the  river  sloughs  and  cypress  swamps 
of  the  southwestern  counties.  Authentic  specimens  are  at  hand  from 
Knox,  Gibson,  Posey,  Perry,  Bartholomew,  Jackson,  Marion  and 
Daviess  Counties,  and  specimens  from  Hamilton,  Tipton  and  Starke 
Counties,  I  doubtfully  refer  to  this  species.  The  preferred  habitat  of 
this  species  is  inundated  swamps,  and  when  it  grows  in  such  situations 
it  generally  develops  a  base  swollen  to  a  point  somewhat  above  the 
water  level.  In  Bartholomew  County  it  was  found  associated  with 
the  cow  oak,  and  the  trunk  resembled  the  white  ash. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  by  authors  and  commercially  as 
pumpkin  ash.  The  wood  is  similar  to  white  ash  but  is  inferior  to  that 
species.  On  account  of  its  habitat  this  species  was  little  cut  until  the 
past  few  years  when  ash  became  scarce.  During  the  past  few  years 
most  of  the  deep  river  and  cypress  swamps  have  been  invaded  and  all 
of  the  ash  cut. 

6.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michaux.  BLUE  ASH.  Plate  129. 
Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with  light  gray  bark,  not  regularly  fissured, 
scaly  at  least  above;  twigs  and  branchlets  more  or  less  distinctly  4- 
angled,  the  angles  of  vigorous  shoots  develop  corky  wings  about  2  mm. 
high;  leaves  generally  2-3  dm.  long;  leaflets- 7- 11,  generally  7-15  cm. 
long,  on  short  stalks,  usually  1-5  mm.  long,  sometimes  sessile,  the 
terminal  one  on  a  stalk  generally  about  1-2  cm.  long,  leaflets  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  generally  long  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  margins  rather  regularly  and  coarsely  serrated  with  short 
incurved  teeth,  yellow-green  and  smooth  above,  about  the  same  color 
beneath  and  generally  smooth  except  along  the  veins,  midrib  and  pe- 
tiolules  which  are  permanently  pubescent;  calyx  very  small,  usually 
about  0.5  mm.  long,  and  persisting  more  or  less  in  fruit;  fruit  ripens 
last  of  June  to  August,  samaras  twisted,  generally  3-4  cm.  long  and 
8-10  mm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  base,  notched  or  rounded  and  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  the  apical  end  of  all  specimens  at  hand  twisted  to  the 
right,  the  wing  surrounds  the  body. 

Distribution. — Southern  Ontario  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  northern 
Alabama  and  Arkansas.  Found  sparingly  in  most  parts  of  Indiana, 
except  the  northwest  part.  There  are  no  records  northwest  of  White 
and  Noble  Counties.  In  the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  State  it  is 'a 
rare  to  very  rare  tree,  generally  found  only  along  the  bluffs  of  streams. 
In  many  areas  it  is  so  rare  that  even  the  pioneers  do  not  know  the  tree. 
It  was  the  most  frequent  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State. 
Here  also  it  is  found  principally  along  the  higher  banks  of  streams. 
While  the  species  is  confined  principally  to  high  ground  it  also  grew  in 
lower  ground.  The  largest  tree  seen  is  on  level  ground  at  a  fork  of  the 


279 

PLATE  1 


FRAXINUS  QUADRANGULATA  Michaux.    BLUE  ASH.     (x 


280 

road  between  Charlestown  and  Jeffersonville  about  3  miles  northeast 
of  Jeffersonville.  In  1918  this  tree  measured  28.2  dm.  (1043/£  inches) 
in  circumference  breast  high. 

This  species  has  not  been  observed  in  the  "knob"  area  of  the  State 
or  anywhere  in  the  flats  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Schneck 
reports  it  as  rare  on  the  hills  of  this  area.  The  tree  is  too  rare  to 
definitely  determine  its  associates,  although  sugar  maple  is  usually 
found  with  it. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  becoming  too  scarce  to  be  of  much 
economic  importance.  The  cut  is  usually  sold  as  white  ash.  The  uses 
of  the  wood  are  practically  the  same  as  the  white  ash. 

The  fruit  and  foliage  of  this  species  most  closely  resembles  that 
of  the  black  ash,  from  which  it  can  be  distinguished  by  its  greenish- 
yellow  foliage  and  the  habitat  in  which  it  grows. 

7.  Fraxinus  nigra  Marshall.  BLACK  ASH.  Plate  130.  Medium 
sized,  tall  and  straight  trees  with  a  light  gray  bark,  broken  up  into  small 
thin  plates  on  old  trunks;  twigs  round,  robust  and  smooth  at  maturity; 
leaves  2.5-4  dm.  long,  leaflets  generally  7-11  and  7-13  cm.  long,  sessile, 
the  terminal  one  generally  on  a  stalk  0.5-1  cm.  long,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  and  short  or 
long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  coarsely  and  rather  irregularly 
serrate  with  short  teeth  which  are  usually  somewhat  incurved,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  not  much  lighter  beneath  and  glabrous  or 
pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  larger  veins;  calyx  and  corolla  none; 
fruit  ripens  the  last  of  June  to  August,  similar  to  the  fruit  of  the 
blue  ash,  samaras  generally  3-4  cm.  long,  and  7-10  mm.  wide,  body 
winged  all  around,  the  base  of  the  samara  rounded,  the  apex  notched 
or  rounded,  the  apical  end  of  the  samara  twisted  more  or  less  to  the 
right  in  all  specimens  at  hand. 

Distribution. — Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Virginia  and 
northern  Arkansas.  Local  in  all  parts  of  Indiana  except  in  the  "knob" 
area  of  the  State.  It  is  generally  found  in  places  that  are  inundated 
much  of  the  winter  season.  Its  habitat  is  in  cold  swampy  woods  or 
similar  places  about  lakes.  It  has  no  special  affinity  for  streams.  It 
is  local  in  its  distribution.  Where  it  is  found  it  is  generally  a  frequent 
to  common  tree.  In  the  lake  area  of  Indiana  its  habitat  conditions  are 
frequent,  consequently  colonies  of  it  are  frequent.  South  of  the  lake 
area  of  the  State  it  becomes  rare  to  extremely  local.  In  the  southwest 
part  of  the  State  it  has  been  sparingly  found  in  a  few  cypress  swamps. 
It  is  usually  associated  with  white  elm,  cottonwood,  aspens,  red  maple, 
bur  oak,  and  is  one  of  the  first  species  to  invade  extinct  tamarack 
swamps. 


281 
PLATE  130. 


FRAXINUS  NIGRA  Marshall.     BLACK  ASH.     (x 


282 

Remarks. — The  wood  is  tougher  but  in  most  qualities  is  inferior 
to  white  ash  and  cannot  be  used  for  handles.  The  layers  of  growth 
separate  easily  which  enables  the  wood  to  be  separated  into  thin 
strips.  This  fact  was  known  to  the  Indians  who  used  this  wood  for 
making  baskets.  This  use  was  continued  by  the  white  man  and  in 
addition  it  was  a  favorite  wood  for  making  hoops,  and  in  many  sections 
it  is  known  as  the  "hoop  ash."  The  wood  has  many  uses  such  as  for 
baskets,  splint  boxes,  butter  tubs,  vehicle  stock,  interior  finish,  fur- 
niture, etc.  The  black  burls  of  the  trunk  are  much  sought  for  by  veneer 
manufacturers. 

2.     ADfiLIA. 

Adelia  acuminata  Michaux.  POND  BRUSH.  CROOKED  BRUSH. 
Plate  131.  Small  trees,  or  shrub  like,  with  gray  smooth  bark,  becoming 
rough  or  fissured  on  large  trees,  the  ridges  short  and  broken;  branch- 
lets  numerous  and  somewhat  spiny;  twigs  glabrous;  leaves  opposite 
on  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  4-11  cm.  long, 
with  a  long  narrow  base,  long  acuminate  at  the  apex,  margins  entire 
near  the  base,  the  remainder  more  or  less  coarsely  serrated  with  short 
rounded  teeth,  rarely  entire,  smooth  above  and  beneath;  flowers 
appear  last  of  March  to  the  first  of  May,  the  staminate  in  small  sessile 
clusters  along  the  branchlets,  the  pistillate  in  short  panicles;  fruit 
a  dark  purple  drupe,  oblong,  about  15  mm.  long;  stone  with  many  lon- 
gitudinal ribs. 

Distribution. — Southwestern  Indiana  and  southern  Illinois  south  to 
northern  Florida  and  Texas.  In  Indiana  it  has  been  found  only  in. 
Knox,  Gibson,  Posey  and  Perry  Counties.  It  grows  on  the  low  borders 
of  river  sloughs,  swamps  and  river  banks.  It  is  very  tolerant  of  shade 
and  may  be  found  growing  under  larger  trees.  It  usually  forms  dense 
thickets  on  the  bank  that  surrounds  standing  water  and  is  usually 
associated  with  button-bush.  A  straight  specimen  is  rarely  seen  be- 
cause the  area  where  it  grows  overflows  each  winter,  and  the  small  trees 
are  usually  covered  more  or  less  with  debris,  and  then  the  following 
season  the  side  branches  assume  a  vertical  growth.  The  top  may  be  re- 
leased by  the  next  inundation,  and  then  other  branches  may  assume 
leadership,  and  so  on  until  the  top  is  a  mass  of  branches  growing  in 
several  directions.  The  specimens  found  in  Perry  County  grew  on  the 
low  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  about  6  miles  east  of  Cannelton.  The 
species  is  quite  local  in  the  area  where  it  is  found.  It  may  border  one 
river  slough,  and  be  entirely  absent  from  another  nearby. 

Remarks.— Of  no  economic  use.      In  books  it  is  called  "swamp 
privet"  but  in  the  area  where  it  grows  it  is  not  known  by  that  name. 


283 
PLATE  131. 


ADELIA  ACUMINATA  Michaux.     POND  BRUSH.     CROOKED  BRUSH,     (x 


284 

BIGNONIACEAE.     THE    TEUMPET    CREEPER    FAMILY. 
CATALPA.     THE  CATALPAS. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  whorled,  with  long  petioles;  flowers  in 
terminal  panicles  or  corymbs;  fruit  a  long  round  pod  which  splits  into 
halves;  seed  many,  flat,  papery  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  each  end. 

A  small  genus  of  widely  distributed  trees.  The  species  freely  hy- 
bridize, and  have  been  cultivated  and  planted  so  extensively  that  it 
is  difficult  to  find  typical  specimens. 

Bark  of  old  trees  thin  and  scaly;  odor  of  bruised  leaves  fetid; 

lower  lobe  of  corolla  entire 1  Catalpa 

bignonioides. 
Bark  of  old  trees  fissured  and  ridgy;  odor  of  bruised  leaves  not 

fetid;  lower  lobe  of  corolla  notched  at  the  apex 2  Catalpa  speciosa. 

1.  Catalpa  bignonioides  Walter.  Catalpa.  (Catalpa  Catalpa 
(Linnaeus)  Karsten).  Plate  132.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees,  usually 
with  a  trunk  1-3  meters  in  length,  and  a  wide  crown;  bark  a  grayish- 
brown,  scaly  and  flaking  off  in  small  thin  plates;  leaves  ovate,  blades 
usually  1.5-2  dm.  long,  cordate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed  at  apex, 
margins  entire,  or  with  1  or  2  lateral  lobes,  yellow-green  and  smooth 
above,  and  pubescent  beneath;  flowering  period  the  last  of  May  to  the 
first  of  July,  about  two  weeks  later  than  the  next  species;  inflorescence 
in  a  rather  compact  large  panicle;  flowers  white,  usually  2-3  cm.  across 
at  expanded  end;  marked  on  the  lower  inner  surface  by  two  rows  of 
yellow  blotches,  the  lower  lobes  marked  with  purplish  spots,  the  lower 
lobe  entire  or  nearly  so;  fruit  a  long  pod,  generally  4-10  develop  in  each 
panicle,  usually  1.5-4  dm.  long,  about  1  cm.  thick,  somewhat  flattened, 
the  valves  meeting  at  an  angle  which  forms  a  ridge  which  is  sensible  to 
the  fingers,  the  valves  of  the  pod  are  thin,  and  become  flat  after  they 
open;  seed  2.5-4.5  cm.  long,  including  the  tufts  of  hairs  at  each  end,  and 
about  4-5  mm.  wide,  the  tuft  of  hairs  usually  converging  to  a  point. 

Distribution. — Supposed  to  be  native  to  parts  of  Florida,  Georgia, 
Alabama  and  Mississippi.  It  has  been  introduced  throughout  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States.  In  Indiana  it  has  been  used  in  all 
parts  as  an  ornamental  and  shade  tree.  It  has  few  qualities  to  recom- 
mend it,  and  since  the  difference  between  this  and  the  next  species  has 
been  known  the  next  species  is  usually  substituted  for  it. 

2.  Catalpa  speciosa  Warder.  CATALPA.  HARDY  CATALPA.  CATAL- 
FA.  Plate  133.  Medium  to  large  sized  trees  with  long  and  rather 
straight  trunks  when  grown  in  the  forest;  bark  dark  grayish-brown, 
fissured  and  much  resembling  the  bark  of  a  linden  or  black  walnut  in 
appearance;  leaves  ovate,  generally  1.5-3  dm.  long,  cordate  or  some- 


285 
PLATE  132 


CATALPA  BIGNONIOIDES  Walter.    CATALPA.     (x  i/2.) 


286 
PLATE  133 


CATALPA  SPECIOSA  Warder.    CATALPA.    HARDY  CATALPA.     (x  y2.) 


287 

what  rounded  at  the  base,  long  taper-pointed  at  apex,  margins  entire, 
dark  green  and  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath;  flowering  period 
May  or  June;  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicles,  white  with  yellow  and 
purplish  spots  within,  expanded  part  about  4  cm.  across;  fruit  a  long 
cylindrical  pod  which  matures  late  in  autumn  or  early  winter,  2-5  dm. 
long,  and  about  1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  usually  1  or  2  and  rarely  3  pods 
develop  in  a  panicle,  the  valves  of  the  pod  remaining  semi-terete  after 
separating;  seed  many,  thin  and  papery,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  and  4-8  mm. 
wide,  body  of  samara  about  equals  in  length  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  each  end, 
the  hairs  remain  separated  and  are  little  inclined  to  form  a  tuft  at  the 
end. 

Distribution. — Known  to  have  been  a  native  of  the  southwestern 
part  of  Indiana,  and  to  have  followed  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi Rivers  to  the  southeastern  part  of  Missouri  and  the  northeastern 
part  of  Arkansas.  The  tree  has  practically  disappeared  from  the  forests 
of  Indiana,  and  the  exact  range  in  Indiana  can  never  be  known.  Being 
such  a  conspicuous  tree,  it  was  thought  that  the  memory  of  living 
pioneers  might  be  relied  upon  to  fix  the  limits  of  its  range  in  Indiana. 
One  pioneer  living  near  Austin  in  Scott  County  said  it  was  a  native  of 
the  Muscatatuck  bottoms,  and  another  said  it  was  a  native  in  the  flats  of 
the  southwestern  part  of  Clark  County.  In  its  native  habitat  it  was 
found  only  in  very  low  ground,  usually  with  such  associates  as  pin  oak, 
sweet  gum,  southern  hackberry,  big  shell-bark  hickory,  pecan,  etc.  In 
its  native  habitat  it  was  an  infrequent  to  a  frequent  tree,  never  a  common 
tree.  A  pioneer  was  interviewed  who  settled  in  the  Knox  County  bot- 
toms about  three  miles  west  of  Decker,  when  the  whole  area  was  a  virgin 
forest.  He  said  the  catalpa  was  an  occasional  tree  in  the  bottoms 
throughout  the  area;  that  he  did  not  recall  that  it  was  ever  found  in  as 
low  situations  as  the  cypress;  that  the  tree  was  as  tall  as  its  associates, 
straight,  and  usually  about  6  dm.  in  diameter,  and  that  he  never  saw  a 
tree  a  meter  in  diameter;  that  on  account  of  the  durable  quality  of 
the  wood  that  it  was  cut  for  fence  posts  and  rails.  A  pioneer  who 
lived  near  the  mouth  of  Deer  Creek  in  Perry  County  said  it  was  a  native 
in  his  vicinity.  The  information  at  hand  would  fix  the  mass  distribution 
of  the  species  to  the  southwest  of  a  line  drawn  from  Terre  Haute  to  a 
point  about  6  miles  east  of  Grandview  in  Spencer  County. 

Remarks/ — Attention  was  directed  to  this  tree  about  1880  by  Dr. 
Jno.  A.  Warder  and  Dr.  Geo.  Engelmann,  and  it  has  had  enthusiastic 
admirers  ever  since.  In  Indiana  its  most  enthusiastic  advocate  was 
John  P.  Brown  of  Connersville.  Its  popularity  was  based  upon  the 
durability  of  its  wood  and  its  rapid  growth.  Nurserymen  grew  seedlings 
and  through  their  agents  plantations  of  all  sizes  were  sold  in  many 


288 

States.  The  trees  were  planted  to  grow  posts,  telephone  poles  and 
crossties.  In  Indiana  there  is  one  plantation  42  years  old,  but  the 
majority  are  only  10  to  15  years  old.  The  tree  has  been  planted  long; 
enough  in  our  area  to  definitely  conclude  that  it  should  not  be  planted 
in  any  part  of  Indiana  for  economic  purposes.  The  range  of  the  catalpa 
sphinx  which  defoliates  the  tree  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  now  ranges  as 
far  north  as  Wells  County.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State  the  trees 
are  usually  defoliated  twice  each  year  by  the  larvae  of  this  insect,  and  as 
a  consequence  the  trees  make  very  little  growth,  and  some  owners  of 
plantations  have  abandoned  them  on  this  account.  A  new  insect  is 
appearing  which  kills  the  young  shoots,  which  will  interfere  with  the 
upright  habit  of  the  tree.  The  catalpa  is  not  recommended  for  forest 
planting  in  Indiana,  and  its  use  for  this  purpose  has  practically  ceased. 

The  catalpa  prefers  a  moist,  deep,  rich  soil,  but  will  grow  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  situations.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  the  young 
trees  are  frequently  winter  killed.  The  tree  is  quite  tenacious  of  life 
and  when  cut  off  at  the  ground,  usually  sends  up  several  coppice  shoots. 

This  species  can  be  recommended  for  planting  for  shade  for  hog  lots, 
and  as  a  specimen  tree  in  parks,  etc.  It  is  not  a  desirable  street  tree. 

CAPRIFOLlACEAE.     THE  HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 
VIBURNUM.     THE  VIBURNUMS. 

Viburnum  prunifolium  Linnaeus.  BLACK  HAW.  Plate  134.  Small 
trees  or  shrubs;  bark  of  old  trees  reddish-brown,  furrowed  and  the 
ridges  broken  into  short  lengths;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  on  petioles 
0.5-1.5  cm.  long;  the  lower  pairs  of  leaves  are  generally  smaller  and  have 
their  petioles  more  or  less  winged,  red  and  more  or  less  densely  covered 
with  a  rusty  tomentum  which  may  extend  along  the  midrib  and  veins 
beneath  or  may  sometimes  cover  a  considerable  part  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  leaf  while  young,  sometimes  the  margined  petioles  are  only  rough 
on  the  margins;  leaf  blades  very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  usually  4-10 
cm.  long,  ovate  to  slightly  obovate,  or  narrow-oval  to  nearly  orbicular, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  pointed  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes 
rounded,  margins  finely  serrate,  glabrous  both  above  and  beneath  at 
maturity;  flowers  appear  the  last  of  April  or  in  May  in  cymes  which  are 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  flowers  white,  numerous,  and  generally  about  0.5 
cm.  in  diameter,  fruit  ripens  in  September  and  October,  oval,  oblong 
or  nearly  globose,  generally  10-14  mm.  long,  dark  blue,  covered  with  a 
bloom,  edible,  and  if  not  eaten  by  birds  they  persist  on  the  branches  until 
late  autumn;  stone  oval  and  very  flat. 


289 
PLAT  E  134. 


VIBURNUM  PRUNIFOLIUM  Linnaeus.     BLACK  HAW. 


290 

Distribution. — Connecticut  to  Iowa  and  south  to  Georgia  and  west 
to  Texas.  It  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  moist  woods  throughout  Indiana, 
except  in  the  hilly  counties  where  it  becomes  more  or  less  rare.  In  the 
hilly  counties  its  place  is  taken,  by  the  southern  black  haw,  Viburnum 
rufidulum  which  only  rarely  attains  tree  size. 

Remarks. — This  species  could  be  used  to  advantage  in  ornamental 
planting  where  small  trees  or  shrubs  are  required  for  a  screen  or  back 
ground.  The  fruit  of  the  black  and  red  haws  attract  several  species  of 
birds. 

This  species  is  quite  variable  in  the  shape,  and  texture  of  its  leaves, 
and  in  the  size  and  shape  of  its  fruit.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
specimens  are  found  that  have  very  thick  leaves  with  margined  and 
tomentose  petioles  which  very  much  resemble  the  southern  species. 


SPECIES  EXCLUDED. 

The  following  species  have  been  reported  for  Indiana  but  have  been 
excluded  for  want  of  satisfactory  evidence  to  warrant  their  inclusion: 
The  reasons  for  exclusion  are  discussed  under  the  name  of  the  species. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  critical  examination  has  been  given  doubtful 
species,  and  doubtful  records,  and  every  effort  possible  has  been  made 
to  validate  them. 

Pinus  echinata  Miller.  SHORT-LEAF  PINE.  This  species  does  not 
occur  in  our  area  and  all  reference  to  it  should  be  transferred  to  Pinus 
virginiana.  References  to  this  species  are  instances  of  wrong  deter- 
mination. 

Pinus  resinosa  Aiton.  NORWAY  PINE.  This  species  was  reported 
as  an  escape  in  Wabash  County  by  Coulter1  for  Jenkins. 

Pinus  rigida  Miller.  PITCH  PINE.  Baird  and  Taylor2  reported  this 
species  for  Clark  County.  The  range  of  this  species  is  to  the  east  of  our 
area.  They  also  reported  Pinus  Strobus,  which  has  not  been  seen  since 
they  reported  it,  and  they  failed  to  report  Pinus  virginiana  which  is  a 
common  tree  on  the  "knobs"  of  Clark  County.  A  study  of  their  flora 
of  Clark  County  shows  that  they  did  little  or  no  collecting  in  the 
"knobs."  They  also  freely  reported  field  crop,  garden  and  flower 
escapes,  and  it  is  believed  that  their  reference  to  Pinus  rigida  and 
Pinus  Strobus  should  be  regarded  as  to  cultivated  trees. 

Abies  balsamea  (Linnaeus.)  Miller.  BALSAM  FIR.  Heimlich3 
repoits  this  as  occurring  in  Porter  County  about  Dune  Park.  He 

!Proc.  lad.  Acad.  Sci.  1900:141:1901. 

2Manual  Public  Schools  Clark  County,  Ind.   1878-9,  page  62. 

aProc.  Ind.  Acad.   Sci.   1917:403:1918. 


cites  for  his  authority  Bot.  Gaz.  Vol.  27:  Apr.  1899.  The  article  referred 
to  is  Cowles'  article  on  the  flora  of  the  sand  dunes  of  Lake  Michigan,  in 
which  he  discusses  the  flora  from  Glen  Haven  in  northern  Michigan  to 
Dune  Park,  Indiana  in  Porter  County,  which  has  confused  Heimlich 
in  separating  the  trees  reported  at  several  stations.  It  has  never  been 
found  in  Indiana. 

Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (Linnseus)  Britton,  Sterns  and  Poggen- 
berg.  WHITE  CEDAR.  The  range  of  this  species  is  east  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  and  no  doubt  was  never  native  in  our  area.  The  first 
reference  to  it  is  by  Dr.  Drake  in  his  Picture  of  Cincinnati,  published  in 
1815,  page  83,  in  which  he  says:  "The  White  Cedar  and  Cypress  are 
found  on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash."  Schneck1  in  his  Flora  of  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley  says:  "Wet  places  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash 
River."  I  am  certain  it  is  not  on  the  Indiana  side  of  the  river.  Gorby2 
reports  it  for  Miami  County.  All  of  his  botanical  records  are  too  un- 
reliable to  receive  serious  consideration.  Coulter3  reports  it  as  found  in 
Allen  County  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  C.  R.  Dryer.  I  saw  Dr.  Dryer 
recently  and  he  says  he  has  no  recollections  about  it. 

Juniperus  commiinis  Linnaeus.  JUNIPER.  This  species  has  been 
reported  from  all  parts  of  the  State.  The  distribution  of  the  species 
is  to  the  north  of  Indiana,  and  examining  herbarium  specimens  it  is 
found  that  subulate  forms  of  Juniperus  virginiana  are  frequently  named 
Juniperus  communis.  In  the  older  floras  it  was  a  custom  to  include 
cultivated  forms,  and  not  distinguish  them  as  such.  Since  juniper  has 
been  for  years  a  common  ornamental  shrub,  especially  in  cemeteries, 
it  is  highly  probable  that  many  records  have  such  a  basis.  It  is  proposed 
to  drop  this  species  from  our  flora.  I  refer  Higley  and  Raddin's4  record 
to  the  decumbent  variety.  VanGorder's  and  Bradner's  records  may  also 
be  the  decumbent  form.  Heimlich's  record  I  regard  as  an  error,  see 
remarks  under  Abies  balsamea. 

Populus  balsamifera  Linnaeus.  BALSAM  POPLAR.  This  species 
was  reported  by  Bradner  for  Steuben  Counry.  In  a  letter  from  the 
late  Prof.  Bradner,  he  said  he  had  no  specimen  and  had  no  recollection 
of  the  tree.  J.  M.  Coulter  reported  it  for  Jefferson  County,  but  Young 
who  also  wrote  a  flora  of  Jefferson  County  does  not  mention  it.  Baird 
and  Taylor  also  reported  it  for  Clark  County.  The  last  two  records  may 
have  been  from  cultivated  trees  or  mistaken  for  Populus  grandidentata 
which  was  not  reported  and  is  in  the  area,  and  is  a  frequent  tree  in  the 
"knobs"  in  Clark  County.  Heimlich  reports  it  in  Proc.  Ind.  Acad. 


iRept.  Geol.  Surv.  Ind.  7:562:1876. 
2Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Ind.  16:168:1889. 
aRept.  Geol.  Surv.  Ind.  24:617:1900. 
4Sci.  Bui.  Chic.  Acad.  Vol.  2:148:1891. 


292 

Sci.  1917:404:1918  for  Cowles.  I  regard  this  as  an  error.  See  discus- 
sion under  Abies  canadensis  on  page  290.  Since  the  range  of  the  species 
is  to  the  north  of  Indiana,  it  is  here  proposed  to  drop  it  from  our  flora. 
It  should  be  looked  for  on  the  "divide"  in  Steuben  County  and  about 
Lake  Michigan. 

Populus  candicans  Aiton.  BALM  OF  GILEAD.  This  species  has 
been  included  in  a  few  local  floras,  but  it  is  believed  that  it  has  not  yet 
escaped  from  cultivation.  Phinney1  gives  it  as  "an  important  timber 
tree  of  Delaware  County,"  which  is  an  error. 

Populus  nigra  var.  italica  Du  Roi.  LOMBARDY  POPLAR.  Reference 
is  made  to  this  tree  by  Blatchley2,  Meyncke3  and  Nieuwland4  but 
it  is  scarcely  more  than  an  accidental  escape. 

Carya  aquatica  Nuttall.  WATER  HICKORY.  This  species  is  listed 
as  one  of  the  principal  trees  occuring  along  the  Wabash  in  the  Coblenz 
edition  of  Prince  Maximilan's  travels  in  North  America.  It  is  recorded 
as  "Water  Bitternut  (Juglans  aquatica}."  If  it  occurs  in  our  area  it 
most  likely  would  be  found  in  the  extreme  southwestern  counties. 
It  has  been  reported  from  Gallatin  County,  Illinois,  bordering  Posey 
County  on  the  west.  There  are  two  other  records  of  its  occurrence  in  the 
State,  which  are  doubtful.  Ryland  T.  Brown5  reported  it  in  a  list  of 
the  principal  trees  of  Fountain  County  in  a  report  of  the  geology  of 
Fountain  County.  Carya  laciniosa,  which  is  sometimes  called 
swamp  hickory  and  which  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  the  county,  he 
failed  to  report.  It  is  believed  this  reference  to  Carya  aquatica  should  be 
referred  to  laciniosa.  B.  C.  Hobbs  also  reported  it  as  common  in  Parke 
County  in  a  short  list  of  the  principal  trees.  He  named  only  four  of  the 
five  or  more  species  of  hickory  that  occur  in  the  county,  and  it  is  believed 
since  he  was  no  botanist,  that  he  confused  the  names.  Elliott  in  his 
Trees  of  Indiana  gives  "Carya  aquatica"  as  common,  but  no  doubt  this 
reference  should  be  transferred  to  some  other  species. 

Carya  myristicaeformis  Nuttall.  NUTMEG  HICKORY.  This  tree 
also  was  reported  by  Prince  Maximilian  as  occurring  along  the  Wabash 
River.  The  known  range  of  the  species  is  from  North  Carolina  to 
Arkansas,  and  for  this  reason  the  species  is  not  included  in  this  list. 

Betula  lenta  Linnseus.  BLACK  BIRCH.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported for  Indiana  as  occurring  in  Fulton,  Gibson,  Miami,  Noble, 
Posey,  St.  Joseph  and  Steuben  Counties.  Sargent6  says:  "This  species 

xlnd.   Geol.  Rept.   11:148:1881. 

2Blatchley's,  Mss.  Flora  of  Monroe  County,  Ind.  June  1887. 

3Bul.  Brockville  Nat.   Hist.  Soc.  No.   1:38:1885. 

JAmer.  Midland  Nat.  Vol.  3:222:1914. 

5It  is  said  that  this  list  and  that  of  Hobb's  list  of  trees  of  Parke  county  were  prepared  by 
obtaining  from  farmers  a  list  of  the  common  names  of  the  trees  to  which  they  attached 
botanical  names. 

6  Sargent  in  a  letter  to  the  author. 


293 

has  until  recently  been  badly  misunderstood.  The  range  of  the  species 
is  southern  Maine  to  northwestern  Vermont,  eastern  Kentucky,  and 
south  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama."  No  doubt  all  of  the  Indiana  records  should  be 
transferred  to  Betula  lutea,  except  the  Gibson  and  Posey  County  record 
which  may  be  Betula  nigra. 

Castanea  pumila  (Linnseus)  Miller.  CHINQUAPIN.  This  species 
was  given  a  place  in  our  flora  in  Coulter's  catalogue  upon  the  authority 
of  Sargent,  Ridgway  and  Schneck.  Ridgway,  in  giving  an  additional 
list  of  the  trees  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley1  says:  "There  is  some 
doubt  as  to  No.  16  Castanea  pumila,  which  is  given  on  Prof.  Sargent's 
authority;  but  there  is  a  possibility  of  an  error  having  been  made  from 
the  circumstances  that  the  name  'chinquapin'  is  in  that  region  almost 
universally  applied  to  the  fruit  of  Quercus  Muhlenbergii."  The  Posey 
County  record  was  based  on  a  specimen  in  Dr.  Schneck's  herbarium, 
which  proves  to  have  been  taken  from  a  cultivated  tree  near  Poseyville. 

Quercus  ilicifolia  Wangenheim.  BEAR  OAK.  This  species 
is  credited  to  our  flora  by  Will  Scott  in  his  ecological  study  of  "The 
Leesburg  Swamp"  in  Kosciusko  County,  published  in  the  Indiana 
Academy  of  Science,  1905,  page  225.  In  a  reply  to  an  inquiry  addressed 
to  him  he  says  no  herbarium  material  was  preserved.  This  ecological 
work  was  done  during  the  summer  months  while  working  at  the 
biological  station  at  Winona  Lake.  In  a  footnote  in  this  paper  we  are 
informed  that  for  the  identification  of  the  trees  listed,  Apgar's  Trees 
of  the  Northern  United  States  was  used.  In  this  key  to  the  trees, 
Quercus  velutina  (Black  Oak)  is  given  only  as  a  variety  of  Quercus 
coccinea  (Scarlet  Oak),  and  the  distinction  between  Quercus  velutina 
with  its  many  formed  leaves,  andQuercus  ilicifolia  is  not  made  apparent: 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  natural  habitat  of  Quercus  ilicifolia  is 
sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hillsides  and  its  western  range  is  eastern  Ohio, 
it  is  believed  what  Mr.  Scott  had  in  hand  was  a  variable  form  of  Quercus 
velutina,  which  is  frequent  in  that  vicinity.  The  evidence  is  not 
encouraging  enough  to  include  it. 

Quercus  nigra  Linnseus.  WATER  OAK.  This  species  has  been 
reported  by  several  authors  for  Indiana.  It  is  believed  that  a  majority 
of  the  records  should  be  transferred  to  velutina  and  imbricaria  or 
marylandica.  Gorby  and  Schneck  call  Quercus  nigra  black  jack  oak, 
which  is  generally  the  common  name  for  Quercus  marilandica.  Ridgway 
in  his  writings  of  the  flora  of  the  lower  Wabash  Valley,  likewise  speaks 
of  Quercus  nigra  as  jack  oak  and  says  it  is  found  in  poor  soil.  Coulter 
in  his  catalogue  of  Indiana  plants  regarded  these  references  to  nigra 

'Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  17:415. 


294 

as  errors  and  did  not  include  it  in  his  list.  The  report  for  Crawford 
County  by  Deam  should  be  transferred  to  marilandica.  Since  the 
range  of  the  species  is  not  north  of  Kentucky,  the  reference  to  the 
species  in  the  State  should  be  dropped. 

The  published  records  are  as  follows:  Carroll  (Thompson) ;  Crawford 
(Deam);  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph  and  Wayne  (Phinney);  Jay  (Mc- 
Caslin);  Fountain  (Brown);  Miami  (Gorby);  Parke  (Hobbs). 

Quercus  Phellos  Linnaeus.  WILLOW  OAK.  This  species  has  been 
reported  from  various  counties  of  the  State.  The  tree  is  said  to  grow 
in  swamps  and  on  sandy  uplands,  ranging  from  Staten  Island,  New 
York,  south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas,  and  north  to  southern 
Kentucky.  If  it  occurs  within  our  area  it  no  doubt  would  have  been 
found  by  Dr.  Schneck,  who  was  an  enthusiastic  student  of  the  oaks. 
He  reported  it  as  occurring  in  the  lower  Wabash  in  his  early  writings, 
but  his  herbarium  contained  no  specimens.  The  writer  while  in  search 
for  this  species  in  Posey  County  met  three  men  in  widely  separated 
parts  of  the  county  who  were  acquainted  with  the  species  in  the  South 
and  they  said  they  had  never  seen  it  in  Indiana.  One  of  the  men  was  an 
old  man  who  had  spent  his  boyhood  in  Arkansas  and  he  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  willow  oak  before  he  came  to  Indiana.  It  is  believed 
what  has  been  reported  for  Q.  Phellos  has  been  narrow-leaved  forms  of 
Q.  imbricaria  (shingle  oak),  and  that  the  records  should  be  transferred  to 
that  species. 

The  published  records  are  as  follows:  Gibson,  Knox  and  Posey 
(Schneck) ;  Knox  (Thomas) ;  Miami  (Gorby). 

Quercus  prinoides  Willdenow.  SCRUB  OR  DWARF  CHESNUT  OAK. 
Reported  for  Marshall  County  by  Nieuwland1  on  the  authority  of  a 
specimen  deposited  in  the  National  Museum  collected  by  Clark.  I  had 
this  reference  checked  by  E.  S.  Steele  and  in  a  letter  to  me  dated  January 
4, 1917,  he  says :  "I  find  no  specimen  labeled  Quercus  prinoides,  but  there 
is  one  named  Q.  Prinus.  There  is  no  ground  for  calling  it  Q.  prinoides." 
Since  the  specimen  in  question  is  a  very  immature  one,  I  propose  not  to 
take  it  into  consideration  since  the  range  of  the  species  would  be 
extended  on  a  dubious  specimen. 

Planera  aquatica  (Walter)  J.  F.  Gmelin.  PLANER-TREE.  WATER 
ELM.  This  tree  was  included  in  Coulter's  catalogue  upon  the  authority 
of  Sargent,  who  includes  Indiana  in  the  range  of  the  species  in  his 
"Forest  Trees  of  North  America,"  Vol.  9,  U.S.  Census  Report,  1880, 
page  124.  Dr.  Schneck  spent  a  lifetime  along  the  lower  Wabash  bot- 
toms and  very  carefully  preserved  specimens  of  all  the  flora  of  the  region 
where  this  species  is  reported  to  occur.  In  his  report  of  the  flora  of  this 

'American  Midland  Naturalist  3:320:1914. 


295 

region  in  1875  he  does  not  include  this  tree.  An  examination  of  his 
herbarium  material  showed  no  specimens  of  this  tree  either  from  Indiana 
or  Illinois.  It  is  fair  to  presume  if  he  had  been  acquainted  with  the 
tree  he  would  have  had  it  represented  in  his  herbarium.  Since  the  white 
elm  is  frequently  called  water  elm,  as  well  as  the  planer-tree,  it  is 
easy  to  understand  how  confusion  might  arise  in  separating  these  trees 
by  non-professional  people. 

Morus  nigra  Linnaeus.  BLACK  MULBERRY.  This  species  is  reported 
by  Phinney1  as  one  of  the  "more  important  and  common  forest  trees 
observed  in  Delaware  County."  He  also  enumerates  Morus  rubra.  A 
splendid  example  of  careless  work.  This  species  is  reported  by  Brown2 
for  Fountain  County,  and  by  McCaslin3  for  Jay  County.  These  authors 
reported  this  species  as  a  native  forest  tree.  Since  this  species  is 
not  a  native  of  the  United  States  the  citations  no  doubt  should  be  re- 
ferred to  our  native  mulberry,  Morus  rubra  (red  mulberry). 

Ilex  opaca  Alton.  HOLLY.  This  species  was  included  in  Coulter's 
Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Indiana  on  the  authority  of  Robert  Ridge- 
way.  I  find  no  reference  to  this  species  in  the  writings  of  Ridgway. 

In  Shawnee  Park  on  the  west  side  of  Louisville,  Kentucky  is  a  large 
tree  of  this  species.  I  was  told  that  it  was  a  native.  A  timber  buyer  of 
Tell  City  told  me  that  there  was  a  native  tree  on  his  grandfather's  farm 
in  the  southern  part  of  Perry  County.  Since  this  species  has  been  re- 
ported for  Grayson  County,  Kentucky,  which  is  less  than  forty  miles 
to  the  south,  it  is  quite  probable  that  a  Jew  trees  were  found  as  far  north 
as  Indiana. 

Acer  pennsylvanicum  Linnaeus.  MOOSBWOOD.  The  only  record 
of  this  species  occuring  in  Indiana  is  in  a  report  of  the  Trees  occuring 
along  the  Wabash  River  by  Prince  Maximilian.  Since  the  report  does 
not  definitely  state  where  the  species  was  observed  or  how  frequently 
it  occured  and  since  the  greater  part  of  Maximilian's  time  was  spent 
on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Wabash,  it  is  more  than  likely  that  he  observed 
it  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Wabash.  While  Indiana  is  within  the 
possible  range  of  the  species,  it  has  not  been  discovered  since.  If  not 
extinct  in  our  area  it  is  most  likely  to  be  found  among  the  hills  of  the 
southern  counties  or  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan.  Robert  Ridg- 
way says  that  he  and  Dr.  Schneck  saw  it  growing  in  a  wooded  cove 
near  a  cavern  called  Flory's  Cave  in  Johnson  County,  Illinois. 

Nyssa  aquatica  Linnaeus.  TUPELO  GUM.  Several  early  authors 
erroneusly  reported  Nyssa  sylvatica  as  this  species.  This  species  in- 
habits deep  swamps.  Dr.  Schneck  and  Robert  Ridgway,  recognized 

»Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  11:148:1881. 
*Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  11:123:1882. 
»Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  12:174:1883. 


296 

authorities  and  best  acquainted  with  the  swamp  area  of  the  south- 
western counties,  at  first  thought  it  was  a  member  of  our  flora,  but  later 
decided  that  it  should  be  excluded. 

Michael  Catt,  83  years  old,  who  lived  nearly  75  years  about  three 
miles  west  of  Decker  on  the  border  of  the  cypress  swamp  in  the  south 
part  of  Knox  County,  told  me  that  he  is  positive  that  the  tupelo  gum 
was  an  occasional  tree  in  the  cypress  swamp  west  of  Decker. 

Fraxinus  caroliniana  Miller.  WATER  ASH.  This  species  was 
included  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  of  Indiana  Plants  upon  the  authority 
of  Dr.  Schneck.  It  is  asserted  that  specimens  were  sent  to  Missouri 
Botanical  Gardens  for  verification.  The  writer  has  carefully  examined 
all  the  specimens  of  Fraxinus  in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Gardens,  and 
all  of  Schneck's  specimens  in  the  herbarium  are  now  correctly  named 
Fraxinus  profunda.  Since  this  species  is  not  in  our  range  it  should  be 
dropped  from  our  flora. 


297 


NDIANA 


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Specific  Gravity  of  Indiana  Woods.1 


The  specific  gravity  was  derived  from  wood   dried  at  100°    centi- 
grade (212  Fah.)  until  it  ceased  to  lose  weight. 

Carya  ovata  (Shellbark  Hickory) 0.8372 

Quercus  stellata  (Post  Oak) 0.8367 

Viburnum  prunifolium  (Black  Haw) 0.8332 

Quercus  lyrata  (Overcup  Oak) 0.8313 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Ironwood) 0 . 8264 

Carya  alba  (White  Hickory) 0.8218 

Carya  glabra  (Black  Hickory) 0.8217 

Cornus  florida  (Flowering  Dogwood) 0.8153 

Carya  laciniosa  (Big  Shellbark  Hickory) 0.8108 

Quercus  Michauxii  (Cow  Oak) 0.8039 

Diospyros  virginiana  (Persimmon) 0 . 7908 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (Juneberry) 0.7838 

Maclura  pomif era  (Osage  Orange) 0 . 7736 

Quercus  bicolor  (Swamp  White  Oak) 0.7662 

Carya  cordiformis   (Pig  Hickory) 0 . 7552 

Quercus  imbricaria  (Shingle  Oak) 0 . 7529 

Quercus  Prinus  (Chestnut  Oak) 0 . 7499 

Ulmus  alata  (Cork  Elm) 0.7491 

Quercus  alba  (White  Oak) 0.7470 

Quercus  macrocarpa  (Bur  Oak) ' 0.7453 

Quercus  coccinea  (Scarlet  Oak) 0.7405 

Gleditsia  aquatica  (Water  Honey  Locust) 0 . 7342 

Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia  (Black  Locust) 0 . 7333 

Quercus  marilandica  (Black  Jack  Oak) 0.7324 

Celtis  occidentalis  (Hackberry) 0 . 7287 

Carpinus  caroliniana  (Water  Beech) 0 . 7286 

Ulmus  Thomasi  (Hickory  Elm) 0. 7263 

Prunus  americana  (Wild  Plum) 0 . 7215 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  (Blue  Ash) 0. 7184 

Carya  illinoensis  (Pecan) 0 . 7180 

Malus  glaucescens  (Crab  Apple) 0. 7048 

Quercus  velutina  (Bleck  Oak) 0 . 7045 

Ulmus  fulva  (Slippery  Elm) 0.6956 

Quercus  palustris  (Pin  Oak) 0 . 6938 

Gymnocladus  dioica  (Coffeenut) 0. 6934 

Quercus  falcata  (Spanish  Oak) 0.6928 

Acer  nigrum  (Black  Maple) 0 . 6915 

Acer  saccharum  (Sugar  Maple) 0 . 6912 

Fagus  grandifolia  (Beech) 0.6883 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  (Honey  Locust) 0. 6740 

Betula  lutea  (Yellow  Birch) 0.6553 

Fraxinus  americana  (White  Ash) 0 . 6543 

Quercus  rubra  (Red Oak) 0.6540 

1Adapted  from  Sargent's  "Trees  of  North  America." 


300 

Ulmus  americana  (White  Elm) :  .  .  .   0 . 6506 

Cereis  canadensis  (Redbud) 0 . 6363 

Nyssa  sylvatiea  (Black  Gum) 0 . 6356 

Adelia  aeuminata   (Swamp  Privet) 0 . 6345 

Fraxinus  nigra  (Water  Ash) 0.6318 

Fraxinus  pennsylvaniea  (Red  Ash) 0.6251 

Larix  laricina  (Tamarack) 0 . 6236 

Acer  rubrum  (Red  Maple) 0 . 6178 

Juglans  nigra  (Black  Walnut) 0 . 6115 

Betula  papyrifera  (Paper  Birch) 0 . 5955 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua  (Sweet  Gum) 0 . 5909 

Morus  rubra  (Red  Mulberry) 0 . 5898 

Prunus  serotina  (Wild Black  Cherry) 0.5822 

Betula  nigra  (River  Birch) 0 . 5762 

Betula  populifolia  (White  Birch) 0.5760 

Platanus  occidentalis  (Sycamore) 0 . 5678 

Pinus  virginiana  (Jersey  Pine) 0 . 5309 

Acer  saccharinum  (Silver  Maple) 0 . 5259 

Sassafras  officinale  (Sassafras) 0 . 5042 

Prunus  pennsylvaniea  (Wild  Red  Cherry) 0 . 5023 

Juniperus  virginiana  (Red  Cedar) 0 . 4926 

Pinus  Banksiana  (Gray  Pine) 0 . 4761 

Magnolia  aeuminata  (Cucumber  Tree) 0 . 4690 

Alnus  rugosa  (Alder) 0 . 4666 

Populus  grandidentata  (Quaking  Aspen) 0 . 4632 

Alnus  incana  (Tag  Alder) 0.4607 

Taxodium  distichum  (Cypress) 0 . 4543 

/Esculus  glabra  (Buckeye) 0.4542 

Tilia  glabra  (Linn) 0.4525 

Castanea  dentata  (Chestnut) 0 . 4504 

Salix  amygdaloides  (Willow) 0.4502 

Catalpa  bignonioides  (Catalpa) 0 . 4474 

Salix  nigra  (Black  Willow) 0.4456 

Acer  Negundo  (Box  Elder) 0.4328 

/Esculus  octandra  (Sweet  Buckeye) 0 . 4274 

Tilia  heterophylla  (White  Linn) 0.4253 

Tsuga  canadensis  (Hemlock) 0 . 4239 

Liriodendron  Tulipif era  (Yellow  Poplar) 0 . 4230 

Catalpa  speciosa  (Catalpa) 0.4165 

Populus  heterophylla  (Downy  Cottonwood) 0 . 4089 

Juglans  cinerea  (Butternut) 0 . 4086 

Populus  tremuloides  (Quaking  Aspen) 0 . 4032 

Asimina  triloba  (Pawpaw) 0 . 3069 

Populus  deltoides  (Cottonwood) 0 . 3889 

Pinus  Strobus  (White  Pine) 0.3854 

Thuja  occidentalis  (Arbor- Vitse 0.3164 


301 

PLATE  135. 
-._._,. . — , , , 

!  "^^ig^^S^i 
^aSi^  *  st.  Joseph   !    Einhart     <   l-agrange    ,  steuben   •: 

!    Laporte  L I ( 

I    '  L, A_  _j-  j  j 

Lake     j  Porter  |         /— J  .     Nob|e       ;  Oeka!b    ; 

i       /         !    Marshall    i 

,'  ,  Kosciusko   r> r-t -I 

.s  \          f-  wiHinv        I  , 

Allen 


i  .         i  Wabash 

i LJ    White        I      Ca$s     !Miami'i 

^  -  — 


Benton 


_  j   carroll[  j_ 
"  "" 


— t i 

jfl 

f   !  i 

!  Wells  i  Adamsj 

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------ 


_ 
"Howard"        Crairt      ' 


i  s Ijordf    jay 

Warr^.^Tippecanoej    mm       ,    ^    ] 

^/  .. j.  H  |  Delaware  i 

i~!..-£>                     ^  I                 i              !  Madison  ,  j  Randolph  : 

/Fountain!    ^          Boone       i  Hamilton  !  j , 

i  g  (  r 1--1 .J  1    Henry 

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i  «   (    Parke 


j .. 


;  Putnam 


I  i 

iHendricksj    Marion 

L,. 


r1       L., •;  Morgan    i  Johnson 

i     Vlg°  GU*      ! 


i  Rush     |  Fayette  j  1  ! 
Shelby   i  j. L-.! 


i    Dwen    i  j  l"0«atur  ]. ^ 

v  !       i  i  ! 


i  | 

i  i   grown    i  Bartholomew  i 

\    ,  "i  Monroe  1 

\  Sullivan    • 


Greene        i 

}        1 


.    Lawrence 
Knax    \0aviess  i  Martini / 


j     Jackson 


jennings 


/     Ml»*  •  iraaimi; 1  |    JJQ|J     T-i 

i  i  Washington  j   L 

{^-i/vft/V^v-*- ^    Orange    i  — y« 

^  /  '  |  i        Clark 

•  _/       4,    Pike  j  ! r-~-^---          (T 

Gibson      ir]        j    Dubois     ;    Crawford    <       v  Floyd-    / 
i-  —  ->  (  -      ^•W*' 

"""I H'~"J     ~l~, /        L  ~!  ^'Harrison .'- 


COUNTY  MAP  OF  INDIANA. 


302 


PLATE  136. 


F The  "flats." 

K-— — •-        The  "knob"  area. 
I-  The  lake  area. 

The  prairie  area. 
L.W.V. rho  i,mver  \vahash  Valley. 

COUNTY  MAP  OF  INDIANA  SHOWING  CERTAIN  AREAS  OF  FOREST 

DISTRIBUTION. 


303 

PLATE  137. 

to 

u 

: 

Oi 

O) 

00 

N> 

0 

^ 



a 



w 

01 

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u 

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ENGLISH  AND  METRIC  SCALES  COMPARED. 
These  can  be  cut  out  and  pasted  on  wood. 


INDEX 


The  accepted  botanical  names  are  in  bold-face  type.  Synonyms  are  placed 
in  italics.  Where  the  subject  receives  the  most  extended  notice  the  page  num- 
ber is  in  bold-face  type. 

Page 

Abies  balsamea    290 

Aceracea    239 

Acer    239 

Negundo 240,  241,  298,  300 

Nugundo  variety  violaceum 242 

nigrum   246,  247,  299 

pennsylvanicum    295 

rubrum    244,  245,  298,  300 

rubrum  variety  Drummondii 244 

rubrum  variety  tridens 246 

saccharinum 242,  243,  300 

saccharum   248,  249,  298  299 

saccharum  variety  glaucum 248 

saccharum  variety  Schneckii 250 

saccharum  variety  Rugelii 250 

Acknowledgments    16 

Adelia   282 

acuminata 282,  283,  300 

^Esculacea? 251 

^sculus 251 

flava  variety  purpurascens 253 

glabra   251,  252,  300 

octandra    253,    254,  300 

Ailanthus  altissima   237,  238 

glandulosa    237 

Alder    90,  300 

smooth   92,    93 

speckled   90,     91 

Alnus   90,  297 

incana 13,  90,  91,  297,  300 

rugosa 13,  90,  92,  93,  300 

Altin«  iacic    166 

Amelanchier  canadensis   177,  178 

laevis   177,  179,  298  299 

Amygdalaceae   216 

Anonaceae 161 

Apple,  American  crab 172,  173,  299 

Iowa  crab   174 

narrow-leaved   crab    174,  175 

western  crab   174,  176 

thorn   .  .  180 


306 

Page 

Arbor- Vita   32,  33,  300 

Arrow  wood   265 

Ash    267 

Biltmore    270,  271 

black    280,  281 

blue 278,  279,  299 

gray    267 

green    272,  273 

hoop    148,  282 

pumpkin    277 

red 274,  275,  300 

swamp 272,  274 

swell-butt 276,  277 

water 300 

white   ....;........;... 267,  272,  274,  299 

Asimina  triloba 161,  162,  298,  300 

Aspen,  large-toothed   ..••.... 50,     51 

quaking    52,   53,  300 

Ball,  Carleton  R 16 

Balm  of  Gilead 292 

Banana,  Hoosier    161 

Basswood    255,  256 

white    . 257,  258 

Beech 94,  95,  297,  299 

blue 78,  79,  297 

red 96 

water 78,   79,  299 

white    96 

yellow 96 

Betulacae    78 

Betula   80 

alleghenensis  84 

lenta 84,  85,  292,  299 

lutea 82,  83,  84,     85 

nigra ' 84,  88,  89,  293,  300 

papyrif era    85,   87,  297,  300 

papyrifera  x  pumila  glandulif era 85 

populif olia   85,  86,  300 

Sanbergi   85 

Bignoniaceae    284 

Birch 80,  82,     90 

black  88,  89,  292 

canoe  85,  87,     88 

gray    85,     86 

paper 85,  87,  88,  297,  300 

red 88,  89,     90 

river   90,  300 

white 85,  86,  88,  300 

yellow 82,  83,  299 


307 

Page 

Botanic  descriptions,  comments  on 13 

Box  elder   240,  241 

Britton  and  Brown 16 

Buckeye 251,  252,  253,  300 

sweet 253,  254,  300 

Butternut 54,   55,  300 

Caesalpinacese    226 

Caprif oliaceae    288 

Carpinus  caroliniana 78,  79,  297,  299 

Carya    56 

alba 68,  69,  299 

alba  variety  subcoriacea 70 

aquatica    292 

Buckleyi  variety  arkansana 76,  77 

cordif ormis  61,  62,  72,  299 

glabra 70,   71,  299 

glabra   variety   megacarpa 72 

illinoensis 59,  60,  299 

laciniosa 66,  67,  292,  299 

myristicaef ormis    292 

ovalis  70,  72,  73,  74 

ovalis  variety  obcordata 75 

ovalis  variety  obcordata  forma  vestita 75 

ovalis  variety  obovalis  75 

ovalis  variety  odorata 75 

ovata  63,  64,  299 

ovata  variety  fraxinifolia   65 

ovata  variety  Nuttallii 66 

Castanea  dentata 96,  97,  297,  300 

pumila  293 

Catalfa    284 

Catalpa 284,  298,  300 

hardy 284 

Catalpa  284 

Catalpa  bigonnioides 13,  284,  285,  300 

Catalpa  Catalpa 284 

speciosa 284,  286,  287,  298,  300 

Cedar,  red 32,  35,  300 

white    291 

Celtis 146 

laevigata 151 

mississipiensis    151,  152 

occidentalis  147,  148,  298,  299 

occidentalis  variety  crassif olia 148 

pumila    148,  149 

pumila  variety  Deamii 149,  150 

Cercis  canadensis  227,  228,  298,  300 

Chamaecyparis  thyoides   .  291 


308 

Page 

Cherry,  wild   223 

wild  black 223,  225,  300 

wild  red  223,  224,  298,  300 

Chestnut  96,  97,  297,  300 

Chinquapin    293 

Coffeenut  233,  234,  299 

Contents,  table  of 9 

Conservation,  The  Department  of 16 

Cornacea    259 

Cornus   II  or  id  a 261,   262,  299 

Cottonwood 47,  49,  297,  300 

downy 300 

swamp   47,     48 

Coulter,  Stanley,  Commissioner 16,  163,  251 

Crataegus 180 

albicans 214 

alnorum    200 

basilica    200,  201 

beata    214 

berberifolia    214 

Boyntoni  214 

Brainerdi   214 

Calpodendron    191,  193 

chrysocarpa    194,  195 

coccinea   209,  211 

coccinea  variety  Elwangeriana 212 

coccinea  variety  oliga/ndra 206 

coccinoides    209,  210 

collina    188,  189 

cordata    214 

Crus-galli    182,  183 

cuneif ormis  182,  184 

deltoides    203 

denaria    214 

Dodgei •  • 194 

Edsoni 200 

Eggertii   209 

fecunda   214 

filipes 203,  205 

Gattingeri    206,  207 

Jesupi    200,  202 

lucorum    214 

macrosperma    197,  199 

macrosperma   variety   matura 200 

Margaretta    185,  187 

mollis   212,  213 

neo-fluvialis    191,  192 

nitida    197,  198 

ovata    .  .   214 


309 

Crataegus — Continued.  Page 

pausiaca    182 

pedicillata    209 

pedicillata  variety  Elwangeriana 212 

Phsenopyrum    214,  215 

Pringlei    214 

pruinosa    206,  208 

punctata 185,  186 

roanensis    214 

rotundifolia    194 

rugosa .203,  204 

silvicola  variety  BeckwitJiae 203 

succulenta    188,  190 

villipes 214 

viridis    196,  197 

Crooked  brush    282,  283 

Cucumber  tree 157,  158,  300 

Cypress,  bald 28,  31,  297,  300 

Beam,  Stella  M 16 

Dietz,  Harry  F 7,     15 

Diospyros  virginiana 265,  266,  298,  299 

Distribution  of  trees,  terms  used  to  define 14 

Dogwood    261,  262 

flowering 261,  299 

Ebenaceae   265 

Eggleston,  W.  W 16,  171 

Elder,  box 240,  241,  298,  300 

Elm   140 

bitter   140 

cork    299 

gray    140 

hickory  142,  143,  299 

hub    140 

red 138,  139,  140 

rock    142,  143 

slippery 138,  139,  299 

sour  140 

swamp    140 

water    140,  294 

white   140,  141,  300 

winged   142,  144 

English  and  metric  scales  compared 306 

Ericacae    263 

Fabaceae    233 

Fagaceae   92 

Fagus  grandifolia 94,  95,  297,  299 

Fir,  balsam  290 


310 

Page 

Fraxinus    267 

americana    268,   269,  299 

americana   forma  iodocarpa 270 

americana   variety   subcoriacea 268 

biltmoreana 270,  271 

caroliniana   296 

lanceolata    272,  273 

nigra  : 280,  281,  300 

Pennsylvania   274,  275,  300 

profunda 276,  277,  296 

quadrangulata    278,    279,  299 

Frontispiece 5 

Gleditsia  aquatica 230,  231,  299 

aquatica  x  triacanthos 232 

triancanthos 227,  229,  299 

Gum 259 

black  259,  298,  300 

sour  259 

sweet  166,  167,  298,  300 

tupelo  295 

yellow 259 

Gymnocladus  dioica 233,  234,  299 

Hackberry 146,  148,  151,  298,  299 

dwarf    148,  149 

Haw,  black 288,  289,  299 

dotted   185 

pear    191,  193 

red   180,  191,  209,  212 

scarlet 214 

southern  black   289 

Hedge   155 

Hemlock 26,  29,  300 

Hickory „ 56 

big   scaly-bark    68 

big  shellbark   65,  66,  67,  299 

black   70,  71,  297,  299 

hard-head   68 

nutmeg    292 

pignut 61,  62,  72,  299 

shellbark  63,  64,  65,  299 

small-fruited 72,  73,  76,  297 

ladies    76 

water    292 

white   68,  69,  297,  299 

yellow-bud    63 

Holly   295,  298 

Hop  hornbeam 80 

Hough,  R.  B 16 


311 

Page 

Ilex  opaca   295 

Illustrations,   explanation   of 15 

list  of   10 

Introduction    13 

Ironwood   80,  297,  299 

Juglandaceae 52 

Juglans   52 

aquatica    292 

cinerea    54,   55,  300 

nigra 54,  57,  297,  300 

Juneberry    177,  298,  299 

smooth   177,  179 

Juniper   291 

Juniperus  communis   291 

virginiana   32,  35,  291,  300 

Kalmia  latifolia 84 

Key  to  the  families  of  Indiana  trees 17 

Larch 26 

Larix  laricina 26,  27,  300 

Lauraceae    163 

Laurel     84 

Lieber,  Richard 7 

Linn  255,  256,  298,  300 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua 166,  167,  298,  300 

Liriodendron  Tulipif era 159,  160,  298,  300 

Locust  235 

black  235,  236,  299 

honey 227,  229,  298,  299 

water  honey 230,  231,  298,  299 

yellow   235 

Maclura  pomifera  155,   156,   299 

Magnoliaceae 155 

Magnolia  acuminata   157,  158,  300 

Malaccas    171 

Malus    171 

angustifolia    171 

curonaria   174,  176 

fragran-s    172 

glaucescens • . . . . 172,  173,  299 

ioensis  174 

ioensis  x  lancifolia   177 

lancifolia    174,  175 

Maple,  black  246,  247,  299 

black  sugar 246 

hard .  248 


312 

Maple,  black — Continued.  Page 

red   244,  245,  298,  300 

rock   248 

silver 242,  243,  300 

soft  242,  244 

sugar 248,  249,  298,  299 

swamp    244 

white  242 

Map  of  certain  f orestal  areas  of  Indiana 302 

explanation  of    15 

Map  of  Indiana 301 

Moosewood    295 

Moracese   151 

Morus    153 

alba   155 

alba  variety  tatarica    155 

nigra    155,  295 

rubra 153,  154,  298,  300 

Mulberry,  red '.  153,  154,  155,  298,  300 

black   295 

white 155 

Nomenclature 14 

Nyssa   aquatica    295 

sylvatica  259,  260,  295,  300 

Oak   98 

basket 107,  108 

bear   '. 294 

black 119,  127,  129,  135,  298,  299 

black  jack  135,  136,  299 

bur 104,  115,  116,  117,  297,  299 

chestnut 104,  110,  111,  299 

chinquapin    104,  106 

cow 107,  108,  297,  299 

dwarf  chestnut 294 

Hill's    127,  128 

iron   114 

jack    119 

mossy  cup   '. 116 

over  cup 117,  118,  299 

peach  119 

pigeon    107 

pin ; 123,  124,  297,  299 

post  112,  113,  300 

red 121,  122,  126,  135,  297,  299 

sand  bur    114 

scarlet 131,    132,  299 

Schneck's    123,  125 

scrub    ...  .   294 


313 

Oak — Continued.  Page 

shingle    119,   120,  299 

Spanish 131,  133,  134,  297,  299 

swamp  123 

swamp  white 104,  105,  299 

sweet 104 

water    119,   123,  294 

white 101,  102,  297,  299 

willow   294 

yellow    104,  131 

Oleaceae    267 

Osage  Orange 155,  156,  299 

Ostrya  virginiana 80,  81,  299 

virginiana  variety  glandulosa    80 

Oxydendrum  arboreum   .' 263,  264 

Pawpaw  161,  162,  298 

white   161 

yellow    161 

Pecan 59,  60,  297,  299 

McCallister    60 

Pepperidge 259 

Persimmon 265,  266,  298,  299 

Pinaceae 19 

Pine 19 

gray    22,   23,  300 

jack  22,   23,  297 

Jersey 22,  24,  25,  300 

Norway    290 

pitch    290 

scrub  22,  24,     25 

short-leaf    290 

white  20,  21,  25,  297,  300 

Pinus    19 

Banksiana 22,  23,  300 

echinata    290 

resinosa 290 

rigida 290 

Strobus 20,  21,  290,  300 

virginiana    24,     25 

Planera  aquatica 294 

Planer-tree    294 

Plane  tree  168 

Platanaceae    168 

Platanus  occidentalis 168,  169,  298,  300 

Plum,  Canada   '. 218,  220 

wild  goose 221,  222 

wild  red  216,  217,  299 

woolly-leaf    218,  219 

Pond  brush 282,  283 


314 

Page 

Poplar   45,  159 

balsam    291 

blue    159 

Carolina  , 47,     49 

hickory   159 

Lombardy  292 

silver-leaf    45,     46 

swamp   47 

white    159 

yellow  159,  160,  298 

Populus 45 

alba    45,     46 

balsamifera    » •..;...-. 291 

balsamifera  variety   virginiana Jfl 

candicans    292 

deltoides 47,  49,  297,  300 

grandidentata 50,  51,  291,  297,  300 

heterophylla  47,  48,  297,  300 

nigra  variety  italica 292 

tremuloides 52,  53,  297,  300 

Preface   7 

Privet  swamp 300 

Prunus 216 

americana 216,   217,  299 

americana    variety    Janata 218,  219 

hortulana  , 221,  222 

nigra    218,  220 

pennsylvanica   223,  224,  300 

serotina    223,   225,  300 

Quaking  aspen   52,  300 

Quercus    98 

alba 101,  102,  297,  299 

alba   variety   latiloba 103 

alba  x  Michauxii 110 

alba  x  Muhlenbergii 103 

Beadlei 110 

bicolor 104,  105,  299 

coccinea    131,   132,  299 

Deami    103 

(ligitnta    135 

ellipsoidalis   127,  128 

falcata   133,  134,  297,  299 

illicif olia   293 

imbricaria 119,  120,  299 

lyrata   117,   118,  299 

macrocarpa   115,  116,  297,  299 

macrocarpa  variety  olivaeformis 116 

marilandica 135,  136,  294,  299 


315 

Quercus — Continued.  Page 

maxima    1^1 

Michauxii '.'. 107,  108,  297,  299 

montana    '^ 

Muhlenbergii   104,  106,  109,  112,  293 

nigra    293 

pagoda    135 

paffodaefolia   135 

palustris   123,  124,  297,  299 

Phellos 294 

prinoides    294 

Prinus 107,  109,  111,  294,  299 

rubra .121,  122,  135,  297,  299 

rubra  variety   triloba 135 

Schneckii   123,  125,  127,  297 

Shinnanln     126 

Shumardii  variety  SchnecMi 126 

stellata   112,  113,  300 

triloba    , 135 

velutina  .  . .  '. 127,  129,  131,  298,  299 

Redbud   227,  228,  298,  300 

Remarks,  explanation  of   15 

Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia 235,   236,  299 

Rulac  NuttaUU   2^2 

Salicacese    34 

Salix 34 

alba    40,     41 

alba  variety  vitellina 40 

amygdaloides 38,  39,  300 

discolor    43,     44 

discolor  variety  eriocephala 43 

f ragilis   40,     42 

nigra 36,   37,  300 

nigra  variety  falcata    38 

Sassafras 163,  164,  298,  300 

red 163 

white   163 

Sassafras  albida  variety  alauca 166 

officinale    163,  164 

Sargent,  C.  S 16 

Service  berry   177 

Simarubaceae 237 

Sorrel  tree 263,  264 

Sour  wood    263,  264 

Specific  gravity  of  some  of  the  woods  of  Indiana 299 

Stink  tree    23.7 

Sugar  berry   151 


316 

Page 

Sugar,  black   . . .  '. 246 

Sugar  tree 248 

Sycamore  5,  168,  169,  298,  300 

Tamarack    26,   27,  300 

Taxodium  distichum 28,  31,  297,  300 

Thorn,  Mrs.  Ashe's   185,  187 

Miss  Beckwith's    203,  205 

Judge  Brown's    185,  187 

Chapman's  Hill   188,  189 

Dr.  Clapp's   206 

cock-spur  182,  183 

downy   212 

Eggert's    209,  210 

Fretz's   203,  204 

Dr.  Gattinger's    206,  207 

Jesup's 200,  202 

large-fruited    185,  186 

long-spined   188,  190 

Marshall's    182 

Newcastle  182 

New-river    191,  192 

pear 191,  193 

red-fruited    212,  213 

round-leaved   194,  195 

scarlet    209,  211 

shining   197,  198 

southern    196,  197 

variable    197,  199 

Washington    214,  215 

waxy-fruited    206,  208 

Thuja  occidentalis 32,  33,  300 

Tiliaceae    255 

Tilia    255 

am-ericana     255 

glabra 255,  256,  298,  300 

heterophylla 257,  258,  300 

heterophylla  variety  Michau®ii 259 

neglecta    259 

Toxylon  pomiferum    155 

Tree  of  Heaven 237,  238 

Trees,  key  to  families  occurring  in  Indiana 17 

species  excluded  from  Indiana  flora 290 

measurement  of  some  of  the  largest  found  in  Indiana 297 

terms  used  to  define  distribution  of 14 

Tsuga  canadensis 26,  29,  300 

Tulip    159,  160 

Tupelo    259 


317 

Page 

Ulmaceae    137 

Ulman,   Paul   15 

Ulmus   137 

alata 142,  144,  299 

americana 140,  141,  298,  300 

fulva  138,  139,  209 

Thomasi  142,  143,  299 

Viburnum  prunifolium 288,  289,  299 

rufldulum   289 

Walnut   52,  54,     56 

black 54,  57,  297,  300 

white    54,     55 

Williamson,  L.  A 103 

Williamson,  E.  B 103 

Willow 36,  38,  40,  300 

black 36,  37,  297,  300 

crack 40,    42 

glaucous 43 

peach-leaved    38,     39 

pussy    43,     44 

swamp 43 

white    40,     41 

Wood,  specific  gravity  of  some  species  that  occur  in  Indiana 299 

Wood,  white   159 

whittle    .  .   257 


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Trees  of  Indiana. 


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